Transportation Administration System
Snoezelen Pillows for Dementia
Begeleiders voor gehandicapten
Laat uw hond het jaarlijkse vuurwerk overwinnen
Betuweroute en Kunst
Hey Vos! Je eigen naam@vos.net emailadres?
Kunst in huis? Nicole Karrèr maakt echt bijzonder mooie dingen
Kunst in huis? Netty Franssen maakt ook bijzonder mooie dingen1 MACRO
On VAX, invokes the VAX MACRO assembler to assemble one or more assembly language source files. On Alpha, invokes the MACRO-32 compiler to compile VAX assembly language source files. The /ALPHA qualifier causes the MACRO command to invoke the MACRO-64 assembler if it is installed on Alpha. The /MIGRATION qualifier causes the MACRO command to invoke the compiler on Alpha. Format MACRO filespec[,...] 2 /ALPHA On Alpha systems, invokes the MACRO-64 Assembler for OpenVMS Alpha (if installed on the system). For a description of the assembler, see the MACRO-64 Assembler for OpenVMS Alpha Reference Manual. 2 /MIGRATION Invokes the MACRO-32 Compiler for OpenVMS Alpha to compile one or more VAX MACRO assembly language source files into native OpenVMS Alpha object code. Format MACRO/MIGRATION filespec[+...] 3 Parameters filespec[+...] Specifies a VAX MACRO assembly language source file to be compiled. If you specify more than one file, separate the file specifications with plus signs (+). File specifications separated by plus signs are concatenated into one input file and produce a single object file and, if indicated, a listing file. NOTE Unlike the VAX assembler, the MACRO-32 compiler does not support the creation of separate object files when the source files are separated by a comma (,). You cannot include a wildcard character in a file specification. For each file specification, the compiler command supplies a default file type of MAR. The compiler creates output files of one version higher than the highest version existing in the target directory. 3 Description The qualifiers to the MACRO/MIGRATION command serve as either command (global) qualifiers or positional qualifiers. A command qualifier affects all the files specified in the command. A positional qualifier affects only the file that it qualifies. All MACRO/MIGRATION qualifiers except /LIBRARY are usable as either command or positional qualifiers. The /LIBRARY qualifier is a positional qualifier only. Many of the qualifiers take one or more arguments. If you specify only one argument, you can omit the parentheses. The compiler supports most of the standard MACRO qualifiers. Some of these qualifiers have additional options unique to the compiler and some of them are missing one or more VAX MACRO options. The compiler also supports several new qualifiers, unique to the compiler. All of these qualifiers are shown in the following table. Standard MACRO Qualifiers New Qualifiers /DEBUG (with additional options) /FLAG /DIAGNOSTICS /MACHINE /DISABLE (with additional options) /OPTIMIZE /ENABLE (with additional options) /PRESERVE /LIBRARY /RETRY_COUNT /LIST /SYMBOLS /OBJECT /TIE /SHOW /UNALIGNED /WARN 3 Qualifiers /DEBUG /DEBUG=(option[,...]) /NODEBUG Includes or excludes local symbols in the symbol table or traceback information in the object module. You can specify one or more of the following options: Option Description ALL Makes local symbols and traceback information in the object module available to the debugger. This qualifier is equivalent to /ENABLE=(DEBUG,TRACEBACK). NONE Makes local symbols and traceback information in the object module unavailable to the debugger. This qualifier is equivalent to /DISABLE=(DEBUG,TRACEBACK). SYMBOLS Makes all local symbols in the object module available and all traceback information unavailable to the debugger. This qualifier is equivalent to /ENABLE=SYMBOLS. TRACEBACK Makes traceback information in the object module available and local symbols unavailable to the debugger. This qualifier is equivalent to /ENABLE=TRACEBACK. The default value for /DEBUG is ALL. The /DEBUG qualifier overrides /ENABLE=(DEBUG,TRACEBACK) or /DISABLE=(DEBUG,TRACEBACK), regardless of their order on the command line. NOTE Debugging can be simplified by specifying /NOOPTIMIZE. This qualifier prevents the movement of generated code across source line boundaries. For more information about debugging, see the OpenVMS Debugger Manual. /DIAGNOSTICS /DIAGNOSTICS[=filespec] /NODIAGNOSTICS (default) Creates a file containing assembler messages and diagnostic information. If you omit the file specification, the default file name is the same as the source program; the default file type is DIA. No wildcard characters are allowed in the file specification. The diagnostics file is reserved for use with Digital layered products, such as the VAX Language-Sensitive Editor (LSE). /DISABLE /DISABLE=(option[,...]) /NODISABLE Provides initial settings for the compiler functions that can be controlled by the .DISABLE and .ENABLE MACRO directives. You can specify one or more of the following functions: Option Description DEBUG Excludes local symbol table information in the object file for use with the debugger. If the /DEBUG qualifier is also specified, it overrides /DISABLE=(DEBUG,TRACEBACK) or /ENABLE=(DEBUG,TRACEBACK), regardless of their order on the command line. FLAGGING Deactivates compiler flagging. GLOBAL Disables the assumption that undefined symbols are external symbols. OVERFLOW Deactivates production of overflow trap code for the following opcodes: ADDx, ADWC, INCx, ADAWI, SUBx, SBWC, DECx, MNEGx, MULx, CVTxy (where x is greater than y, for example CVTLB), AOBxx, ACBL, and SOBxx. QUADWORD Disables support for quadword literal expressions. SUPPRESSION Prevents the listing of unreferenced symbols in the symbol table. TRACEBACK Disables the provision of traceback information to the debugger. If the /DEBUG qualifier is also specified, it overrides /DISABLE=(DEBUG,TRACEBACK) or /ENABLE=(DEBUG,TRACEBACK), regardless of their order on the command line. By default, at compiler activation, FLAGGING, GLOBAL, and SUPPRESSION are enabled, and DEBUG, OVERFLOW, QUADWORD, and TRACEBACK are disabled. The /NODISABLE qualifier has the same effect as omitting the /DISABLE qualifier. It can also be used to negate the effects of any /DISABLE qualifiers specified earlier in the command line. NOTE If /DISABLE is used two or more times in the command line, the last /DISABLE will override all previous uses of /DISABLE. The options not specified in the final /DISABLE will revert to their default values. Furthermore, if /ENABLE and /DISABLE are used in the same command line for the same option, /DISABLE will always prevail, regardless of its position in the command line. Workaround-If you want to disable two or more options, specify them in the following way: /DISABLE=(xxxx, yyyy) /ENABLE /ENABLE=(option[,...]) /NOENABLE Provides initial settings for the compiler functions that can be controlled by the .DISABLE and .ENABLE MACRO directives. You can specify one or more of the following functions: Option Description DEBUG Includes local symbol table information in the object file for use with the debugger. If the /DEBUG qualifier is also specified, it overrides /ENABLE=(DEBUG,TRACEBACK) or /DISABLE=(DEBUG,TRACEBACK), regardless of their order on the command line. FLAGGING Activates compiler flagging. GLOBAL Assumes undefined symbols are external symbols. OVERFLOW Activates production of overflow trap code for the following opcodes: ADDx, ADWC, INCx, ADAWI, SUBx, SBWC, DECx, MNEGx, MULx, CVTxy (where x is greater than y, for example CVTLB), AOBxx, ACBL, and SOBxx. QUADWORD Provides support for quadword literal expressions. SUPPRESSION Provides listing of unreferenced symbols in the symbol table. TRACEBACK Provides traceback information to the debugger. If the /DEBUG qualifier is also specified, it overrides /ENABLE=(DEBUG,TRACEBACK) or /DISABLE=(DEBUG,TRACEBACK), regardless of their order on the command line. By default, at compiler activation, FLAGGING, GLOBAL, TRACEBACK, and SUPPRESSION are enabled, and DEBUG, OVERFLOW, and QUADWORD are disabled. The /NOENABLE qualifier has the same effect as not specifying the /ENABLE qualifier. It can also be used to negate the effects of any /ENABLE qualifiers specified earlier in the command line. NOTE For every option of the /ENABLE qualifier, if /ENABLE and /DISABLE are used in the same command line for the same option, /DISABLE will always prevail, regardless of its position in the command line. You may want to enable an option previously disabled through the use of a symbol. For example, you may have incorporated the following frequently used options into the DCL symbol MAC, as follows: MAC::== MACRO/MIGRATION/NOTIE/DISABLE=FLAGGING To enable FLAGGING using the symbol MAC, issue the following command: $ MAC /NODISABLE/ENABLE=FLAGGING /FLAG /FLAG=(option[,...]) /NOFLAG Specifies which classes of informational messages the compiler reports. The options are: Option Description ALIGNMENT Reports unaligned stack and memory references. ALL Enables all options. ARGLIST Reports that the argument list has been homed. CODEGEN Reports run-time code generation, such as self- modifying code. DIRECTIVES Reports unsupported directives. HINTS Reports input/output/auto-preserved register hints. INSTRUCTIONS Reports instructions that use absolute addresses that may compile correctly, but should be examined anyway, because the desired absolute address may be different on an Alpha computer. JUMPS Reports branches between routines. NONE Disables all options. STACK Reports all messages caused by user stack manipulation. At compiler activation, flagging is enabled by default for all options except HINTS. NOTE Use of the /NOFLAG and /FLAG qualifiers together to activate a specific subset of cross-compiler messages does not work as expected. When used together, as in /NOFLAG /FLAG=(keyword,keyword), instead of activating only the messages specified by the keywords, all cross-compiler messages are activated. However, use of /FLAG=(none,keyword) activates only those messages specified by the keyword. Note that specifying /NOFLAG or /FLAG=NONE does not disable the reporting of coding constructs that would prevent a successful compilation. The compiler continues to report code that you must change, such as an up-level stack reference. /LIBRARY /LIBRARY /NOLIBRARY Positional qualifier. The associated input file to the /LIBRARY qualifier must be a macro library. The default file type is MLB. The /NOLIBRARY qualifier has the same effect as not specifying the /LIBRARY qualifier, or negates the effects of any /LIBRARY qualifiers specified earlier in the command line. The compiler can search up to 16 libraries, one of which is always STARLET.MLB. This number applies to a particular compilation, not necessarily to a particular MACRO command. If you enter the MACRO command so that more than one source file is compiled, but the source files are compiled separately, you can specify up to 16 macro libraries for each separate compilation. More than one macro library in a compilation causes the libraries to be searched in reverse order of their specification. A macro call in a source program causes the compiler to begin the following sequence of searches: 1. An initial search of the libraries specified with the .LIBRARY directive. The compiler searches these libraries in the reverse order of that in which they were declared. 2. If the macro definition is not found in any of the libraries specified with the .LIBRARY directive, a search of the libraries specified in the MACRO command line (in the reverse order in which they were specified). 3. If the macro definition is not found in any of the libraries specified in the command line, a search of STARLET.MLB. /LIST /LIST[=filespec] /NOLIST Creates or omits an output listing, and optionally provides an output file specification for it. The default file type for the listing file is LIS. No wildcard characters are allowed in the file specification. An interactive MACRO command does not produce a listing file by default. The /NOLIST qualifier, present either explicitly or by default, causes errors to be reported on the current output device. The /LIST qualifier is the default for a MACRO command in a batch job. The /LIST qualifier allows you to control the defaults applied to the output file specification by the placement of the qualifier in the command line. /MACHINE /MACHINE /NOMACHINE (default) Enables machine code listing, if it and the /LIST qualifier are both specified in the command line. /OBJECT /OBJECT[=filespec] /NOOBJECT Creates or omits an object module. It also defines the file specification. By default, the compiler creates an object module with the same file name as the first input file. The default file type for object files is OBJ. No wildcard characters are allowed in the file specification. The /OBJECT qualifier controls the defaults applied to the output file specification by the placement of the qualifier in the command line. /OPTIMIZE /OPTIMIZE[=(option[,...])] /NOOPTIMIZE Enables or disables optimization options. All options are enabled by default except VAXREGS. Option Description [NO]PEEPHOLE Peephole optimization [NO]SCHEDULE Code scheduling [NO]ADDRESSES Common base address loading [NO]REFERENCES Common data referencing [NO]VAXREGS Allow the use of VAX registers (R0 through R12) as temporary registers when they appear to be unused ALL All optimizations NONE No optimizations Note that /ALL turns on VAXREGS, which may generate incorrect code unless all register usage of all routines in the module have been correctly declared. /PRESERVE /PRESERVE[=(option[,...])] /NOPRESERVE (default) Directs the compiler to generate special OpenVMS Alpha assembly code throughout a module for all VAX MACRO instructions that rely on VAX guarantees of operation atomicity or granularity. The options are: Option Description GRANULARITY Preserves the rules of VAX granularity of writes. Specifying /PRESERVE=GRANULARITY causes the compiler to use Alpha Load-locked and Store- conditional instruction sequences in code it generates for VAX instructions that perform byte, word, or unaligned longword writes. ATOMICITY Preserves atomicity of VAX modify operations. Specifying /PRESERVE=ATOMICITY causes the compiler to use Load...Locked and Store...Conditional instruction sequences in code it generates for instructions with modify operands. /PRESERVE and /PRESERVE=(GRANULARITY,ATOMICITY) are equivalent. When preservation of both granularity and atomicity is enabled, and the compiler encounters a VAX coding construct that requires both granularity and atomicity guarantees, it enforces atomicity over granularity. If you are aware of specific sections of VAX MACRO code that require VAX granularity and atomicity guarantees, you can forego compiler enforcement of these guarantees for the entire module and use the .PRESERVE and .NOPRESERVE directives to indicate those sections. Therefore, if you can isolate that code where granularity and atomicity must apply, these directives allow you to optimize the generated code by preventing the compiler from generating expanded Alpha code unnecessarily. Atomicity is guaranteed on multiprocessing systems as well as uniprocessing systems when you specify /PRESERVE=ATOMICITY. When the /PRESERVE qualifier is present, you can control the number of times compiler-generated code retries a granular or atomic update by specifying the /RETRY_COUNT qualifier. WARNING If /PRESERVE=ATOMICITY is turned on, any unaligned data references will result in a fatal reserved operand fault. If /PRESERVE=GRANULARITY is turned on, unaligned word references to addresses assumed aligned will also cause a fatal reserved operand fault. /RETRY_COUNT /RETRY_COUNT=count Specifies to the compiler the number of times the following operations should be performed in generated code: - Retries of operations performed in source by a VAX interlocked instruction - Retries of atomic or granular updates if the /PRESERVE qualifier or .PRESERVE directive is present If the /RETRY_COUNT qualifier is not present, the compiler generates code that performs an infinite number of retries of these operations. /SHOW /SHOW[=(function[,...])] /NOSHOW[=(function[,...])] Provides initial settings for the functions controlled by the compiler directives .SHOW and .NOSHOW. You can specify one or more of the following functions: CONDITIONALS Lists unsatisfied conditional code associated with .IF and .ENDC MACRO directives. CALLS Lists macro calls and repeat range expansions. DEFINITIONS Lists macro definitions. EXPANSIONS Lists macro expansions. BINARY Lists binary code generated by the expansion of macro calls. /SYMBOLS /SYMBOLS /NOSYMBOLS (default) Generates a symbol table and psect synopsis table for the listing file if it and the /LIST qualifier are both specified in the command line. /TIE /TIE (default) /NOTIE Ensures that proper external callouts are generated for translated images. Use /NOTIE for better performance if you do not make calls to translated images. /UNALIGNED /UNALIGNED /NOUNALIGNED (default) Forces the compiler to use unaligned loads and stores for all register-based memory references (except those that are FP-based or SP-based or are references to local aligned static data). By default, the compiler assumes that addresses in registers used as base pointers (except those that are FP-based or SP-based) are longword-aligned at routine entry, and generates code to load BYTE, WORD, and LONG data accordingly. This can result in run- time alignment faults, with significant performance impact, if the assumption is incorrect. Specifying /UNALIGNED causes the compiler to generate code assuming pointers are unaligned. This code is significantly larger, but is more efficient than handling an alignment fault. NOTE The compiler does not track quadword register alignment. For quadword memory references (such as in VAX MOVQ instructions), the compiler assumes the base address is quadword aligned, unless it has determined the address may not be longword-aligned in its register tracking code. Quadword references in OpenVMS Alpha built-in uses are always assumed to be quadword aligned. Since these must be in new code, the data should be properly aligned. The /UNALIGNED qualifier is generally appropriate only for modules where data is often unaligned, but which are not sufficiently performance sensitive to merit the correction of the data alignment in the source. /WARN /WARN=[[option]...] /NOWARN Turns off all informational level or warning level messages. Both are on by default. Option Description INFO Turns on all informational level messages NOINFO Turns off all informational level messages WARN Turns on all informational and warning level messages NOWARN Turns off all informational and warning level messages 3 Support_of_VAX_MACRO_Assembler_Directives The compiler supports most of the standard VAX MACRO assembler directives. However, the following directives that are supported by the VAX MACRO assembler do not make sense for compiled code. Consequently, the compiler flags them and continues execution. You can disable the flagging of these directives by specifying /NOFLAG=DIRECTIVES. o .ENABLE and .DISABLE ABSOLUTE-for forcing absolute addressing modes o .ENABLE and .DISABLE TRUNCATION-for enabling floating point truncation o .LINK-for specifying linker options in a linker options file o .DEFAULT-for setting displacement lengths o .OPDEF and .REFn -for defining opcodes o Alignment directives (.ALIGN, .EVEN, and .ODD) in code psects o .TRANSFER o .MASK NOTE The length of the argument to a .ASCID directive is limited to 996 characters when using the MACRO-32 Compiler for OpenVMS Alpha. No such restriction exists in the VAX MACRO Assembler. 3 Compiler_Directives The MACRO-32 Compiler for OpenVMS Alpha provides the following specialized directives: o .BRANCH_LIKELY o .BRANCH_UNLIKELY o .CALL_ENTRY o .DEFINE_PAL o .DISABLE o .ENABLE o .EXCEPTION_ENTRY o .GLOBAL_LABEL o .JSB_ENTRY o .JSB32_ENTRY o .LINKAGE_PSECT o .PRESERVE o .SET_REGISTERS o .SYMBOL_ALIGNMENT You can use certain arguments to these directives to indicate register sets. You express a register set by listing the registers, separated by commas, within angle brackets. For example: <R1,R2,R3> If only one register is in the set, no angle brackets are used. For example: R1 4 .BRANCH_LIKELY Instructs the compiler that the following branch will likely be taken. Therefore, the compiler generates code that incorporates that assumption. Format There are no parameters for this directive. .BRANCH_LIKELY 5 Example MOVL (R0),R1 .BRANCH_LIKELY BNEQ 10$ . . . 10$ The compiler will move the code between the BNEQ instruction and label 10$ to the end of the module, and change the BNEQ 10$ to a BEQL to the moved code. It will then continue immediately following the BEQL instruction with generation of the code starting at label 10$. This will eliminate the delay that occurs on Alpha systems for a mispredicted branch. 4 .BRANCH_UNLIKELY Instructs the compiler that the following branch will likely not be taken. Therefore, the compiler generates code that incorporates that assumption. Format There are no parameters for this directive. .BRANCH_UNLIKELY 5 Description The .BRANCH_UNLIKELY directive instructs the compiler that the following conditional branch will likely not be taken. The compiler then generates code that incorporates that assumption. Alpha system hardware predicts that forward conditional branches are not taken. Therefore, if a .BRANCH_UNLIKELY directive precedes a branch that will be in the forward direction, it has no effect. However, if it precedes a branch that would be backward, code is generated to force the branch to be forward, to an out-of-line branch back to the actual branch destination. .BRANCH_UNLIKELY should be used only in cases where the branch is very unlikely, not just less frequent than the fall-through case. 5 Example MOVL #QUEUE,R0 ;Get queue header 10$: MOVL (R0),R0 ;Get entry from queue BEQL 20$ ;Forward branch assumed unlikely . . ;Process queue entry . TSTL (R0) ;More than one entry (known to be unlikely) .BRANCH_UNLIKELY BNEQ 10$ ;This branch made into forward 20$: ;conditional branch The .BRANCH_UNLIKELY directive is used here because the Alpha hardware would predict a backward branch to 10$ as likely to be taken. The programmer knows it is a rare case, so the directive is used to change the branch to a forward branch, which is predicted not taken. 4 .CALL_ENTRY Declares the entry point of a called routine to the compiler. This entry declaration will save and restore the full 64 bits of any registers (except R0 and R1) that are modified by the routine and are not declared as scratch or output. Format .CALL_ENTRY [max_args] [,home_args=TRUE|FALSE] [,input] [,output] [,scratch] [,preserve] [,label] 5 Parameters max_args Maximum number of arguments the called procedure expects. The compiler uses this value as the number of longwords it allocates in the fixed temporary region of the stack frame, if the argument list must be homed. If homing is not necessary, the max_args count is not required. The compiler flags procedure entry points, where max_args has not been specified, that require homed argument lists. Note that, for .CALL_ENTRY routines in which max_args exceeds 14, the compiler uses the received argument count, or max_args, whichever is smaller, when homing the argument list. home_args=TRUE|FALSE Indication to the compiler that the called procedure's argument list should or should not be homed. The home_args argument overrides the compiler's default logicfor determining the circumstances under which an argument list must be homed. input=<> Register set that indicates those registers from which the routine receives input values. This register set informs the compiler that the registers specified have meaningful values at routine entry and are unavailable for use as temporary registers even before the first compiler-detected use of the registers. Specifying registers in this register set affects compiler temporary register usage in two cases: o If you are using the VAXREGS optimization switch. This optimization allows the compiler to use as temporary registers any of the VAX registers which are not explicitly being used by the VAX MACRO code. o If you are explicitly using any of the Alpha registers (R13 and above). In either of these cases, if you do not specify a register that is being used as input in the input argument, the compiler may use the register as a temporary register, corrupting the input value. This register set has no effect on the compiler's default register preservation behavior. If you are not using the VAXREGS optimization switch or any of the Alpha registers, the input mask is used only to document your routine. output=<> Register set that indicates those registers to which the routine assigns values that are returned to the routine's caller. Registers included in this register set are not saved and restored by the compiler, even if they are modified by the routine. This register set also informs the compiler that the registers specified have meaningful values at routine exit and are unavailable for use as temporary registers even after the last compiler-detected use of the registers. Specifying registers in this register set affects compiler temporary register usage in two cases: o If you are using the VAXREGS optimization switch. This optimization allows the compiler to use as temporary registers any of the VAX registers which are not explicitly being used by the VAX MACRO code. o If you are explicitly using any of the Alpha registers (R13 and above). In either of these cases, if you do not specify a register that is being used as output in the output argument, the compiler may use the register as a temporary register, corrupting the output value. scratch=<> Register set that indicates registers that are used within the routine but which should not be saved and restored at routine entry and exit. The caller of the routine does not expect to receive output values nor does it expect the registers to be preserved. Registers included in this register set are not saved and restored by the compiler, even if they are modified by the routine. This also pertains to the compiler's temporary register usage. The compiler may use registers R13 and above as temporary registers if they are unused in the routine source code. Because R13 through R15 must be preserved, if modified, according to the OpenVMS Alpha calling standard, the compiler preserves those registers if it uses them. However, if they appear in the scratch register set declaration, the compiler will not preserve them if it uses them as temporary registers. As a result, these registers may be scratched at routine exit, even if they were not used in the routine source but are in the scratch set. If the VAXREGS optimization is used, this applies to registers R2 through R12, as well. preserve=<> Register set that indicates those registers that should be preserved over the routine call. This should include only those registers that are modified and whose full 64-bit contents should be saved and restored. This register set causes registers to be preserved whether or not they would have been preserved automatically by the compiler. Note that because R0 and R1 are scratch registers, by calling standard definition, the compiler never saves and restores them unless you specify them in this register set. This register set overrides the output and scratch register sets. If you specify a register both in the preserve register set and in the output or scratch register sets, the compiler will report the warning: %AMAC-W-REGDECCON, register declaration conflict in routine A label=name Optionally specify a label as in a VAX MACRO .ENTRY directive. This can be used if a module is to be common between VAX and Alpha, the VAX version needs to reference the entry with a .MASK directive, and the Alpha version needs to use one or more of the special .CALL_ENTRY parameters. When the label parameter is specified and the symbol VAX is defined, an .ENTRY directive is used. If the symbol VAX is not defined, it creates the label and does a normal .CALL_ENTRY. Note that label is not the first parameter. Therefore, you cannot simply replace .ENTRY with .CALL_ENTRY. You must use the label parameter declaration. 4 .DEFINE_PAL Defines an arbitrary PALcode function such that it can be called later in the MACRO source. Format .DEFINE_PAL name, pal_opcode, [,operand_descriptor_list] 5 Parameters name Name of the PALcode function. The compiler applies the prefix EVAX_ to the specified name (for instance, EVAX_MTPR_USP). pal_opcode Opcode value of the PALcode function. Be sure to use angle brackets around the function code when specifying it in hexadecimal format (^X). If you specify the function code in decimal format, angle brackets are not necessary. operand_descriptor_list A list of operand descriptors that specifies the number of operands and the type of each. Up to 6 operand descriptors are allowed in the list. Be careful to specify operands correctly so that the compiler can correctly track register and stack usage. The following table lists the operand descriptors. Access Type Data Type Byte Word Longword Octaword Address AB AW AL AQ Read-only RB RW RL RQ Modify MB MW ML MQ Write-only WB WW WL WQ 5 Description By default, the compiler defines many OpenVMS Alpha PALcode instructions as built-ins. If you need to use an OpenVMS Alpha PALcode instruction that is not available as a compiler built- in, you must define the built-in yourself using the .DEFINE_PAL directive. 5 Example .DEFINE_PAL MTPR_USP, <^X23>, RQ NOTE This is an example-the compiler compiles MTPR instructions directly to PAL calls. 4 .DISABLE Disables compiler features over a range of source code. Format .DISABLE argument-list 5 Parameters argument-list You can use one or more of the symbolic arguments listed in the following table: Option Description DEBUG Excludes local symbol table information in the object file for use with the debugger. FLAGGING Deactivates compiler flagging. GLOBAL Disables the assumption that undefined symbols are external symbols. OVERFLOW Deactivates production of overflow trap code for the following opcodes: ADDx, ADWC, INCx, ADAWI, SUBx, SBWC, DECx, MNEGx, MULx, CVTxy (where x is greater than y, for example CVTLB), AOBxx, ACBL, and SOBxx. QUADWORD Disables support for quadword literal expressions. SUPPRESSION Stops the listing of unreferenced symbols in the symbol table. TRACEBACK Stops providing traceback information to the debugger. 4 .ENABLE Enables compiler features over a range of source code. Format .ENABLE argument-list 5 Parameters argument-list You can use one or more of the symbolic arguments listed in the following table: Option Description DEBUG Includes local symbol table information in the object file for use with the debugger. For this to take effect, you must compile with /DEBUG or /ENABLE=DEBUG. FLAGGING Activates compiler flagging. GLOBAL Assumes undefined symbols are external symbols. OVERFLOW Activates production of overflow trap code for the following opcodes: ADDx, ADWC, INCx, ADAWI, SUBx, SBWC, DECx, MNEGx, MULx, CVTxy (where x is greater than y, for example CVTLB), AOBxx, ACBL, and SOBxx. QUADWORD Provides support for quadword literal expressions. SUPPRESSION Provides a listing of unreferenced symbols in the symbol table. TRACEBACK Provides traceback information to the debugger. For this to take effect, you must compile with /DEBUG or /ENABLE=TRACEBACK. 4 .EXCEPTION_ENTRY Declares the entry point of an exception service routine to the compiler. Format .EXCEPTION_ENTRY [preserve] [,stack_base] 5 Parameters preserve=<> Register set that forces the compiler to save and restore across the routine call the contents of registers. By default, the compiler saves at routine entry and restores at routine exit the full 64-bit contents of any register that is modified by a routine. In the case of an .EXCEPTION_ENTRY routine, exception dispatching saves R2 through R7 on the stack (along with the PC and PSL) and the values of these registers are restored by the REI instruction executed by the routine itself. Other registers, if used, are saved in code generated by the compiler, and all other registers are saved if the routine issues a CALL or JSB instruction. stack_base Register into which the stack pointer (SP) value is moved at routine entry. At exception entry points, exception dispatching pushes onto the stack registers R2 through R7, the PC, and the PSL. Note that the Alpha counterpart for the VAX register known as the PSL is the processor status (PS) register. The value returned to the register specified in the stack_base helps an exception service routine locate the values of these registers. You can use the macro $INTSTKDEF in SYS$LIBRARY:LIB.MLB to define symbols for the area on the stack where R2-R7, the PC, and the PSL are stored. The symbols are: o INTSTK$Q_R2 o INTSTK$Q_R3 o INTSTK$Q_R4 o INTSTK$Q_R5 o INTSTK$Q_R6 o INTSTK$Q_R7 o INTSTK$Q_PC o INTSTK$Q_PS You can then use these symbols in the exception routine, as offsets to the stack_base value. By using the appropriate symbolic offset with the stack_base value, the exception routine can access the saved contents of any of these registers. For example, the exception routine could examine the PSL to see what access mode was in effect when the exception was taken. 5 Description The .EXCEPTION_ENTRY directive indicates the entry point of an exception service routine. At routine entry, R3 must contain the address of the procedure descriptor. The routine must exit with an REI instruction. You should declare with the .EXCEPTION_ENTRY directive all of the following interrupt service routines: o Interval clock o Interprocessor interrupt o System/processor correctable error o Power failure o System/processor machine abort o Software interrupt 4 .GLOBAL_LABEL Declares a global label in a routine that is not an entry point to the routine. Format There are no parameters for this directive. Label: .GLOBAL_LABEL 5 Description The .GLOBAL_LABEL directive declares a global label within a routine that is not a routine entry point. Unless declared with .GLOBAL_LABEL, global labels in code (specified with "::") are assumed to be entry point labels, which require declaration. If they are not declared, they are flagged as errors. The compiler also allows the address of a global label to be stored (for instance, by means of PUSHAL instruction). (The compiler flags as an error any attempt to store a label that has not been declared as a global label or an entry point.) By using the .GLOBAL_LABEL directive, the user is acknowledging that the stored code address will not be the target of a CALL or JSB instruction. Global labels must appear inside routine boundaries. Labels declared with the .GLOBAL_LABEL directive can be used as the newpc argument in calls to the $UNWIND (Unwind Call Stack) system service because it allows the address of the label to be stored. However, there is no provision in the compiler to automatically adjust the stack pointer at such labels to remove arguments passed on the stack or compensate for stack alignment. If the call stack is unwound back to an alternate PC in the calling routine, the stack may still contain arguments and alignment bytes, and any stack-based references that expect this adjustment to the caller's original stack depth (which happened automatically on VAX) will be incorrect. Code that contains labels declared with this directive that are to be used as alternate PC targets for $UNWIND must be examined carefully to ensure correct behavior, with particular emphasis on any references based on the stack pointer. 4 .JSB_ENTRY Declares the entry point of a JSB routine to the compiler. This entry declaration will save and restore the full 64 bits of any registers (except R0 and R1) that are modified by the routine and are not declared as scratch or output. See also .JSB32_ENTRY. Format .JSB_ENTRY [input] [,output] [,scratch] [,preserve] 5 Parameters input=<> Register set that indicates those registers from which the routine receives input values. This register set informs the compiler that the registers specified have meaningful values at routine entry and are unavailable for use as temporary registers even before the first compiler-detected use of the registers. Specifying registers in this register set affects compiler temporary register usage in two cases: o If you are using the VAXREGS optimization switch. This optimization allows the compiler to use as temporary registers any of the VAX registers which are not explicitly being used by the VAX MACRO code. o If you are explicitly using any of the Alpha registers (R13 and above). In either of these cases, if you do not specify a register that is being used as input in the input argument, the compiler may use the register as a temporary register, corrupting the input value. This register set has no effect on the compiler's default register preservation behavior. If you are not using the VAXREGS optimization switch or any of the Alpha registers, the input mask is used only to document your routine. output=<> Register set that indicates those registers to which the routine assigns values that are returned to the routine's caller. Registers included in this register set are not saved and restored by the compiler, even if they are modified by the routine. This register set also informs the compiler that the registers specified have meaningful values at routine exit and are unavailable for use as temporary registers even after the last compiler-detected use of the registers. Specifying registers in this register set affects compiler temporary register usage in two cases: o If you are using the VAXREGS optimization switch. This optimization allows the compiler to use as temporary registers any of the VAX registers which are not explicitly being used by the VAX MACRO code. o If you are explicitly using any of the Alpha registers (R13 and above). In either of these cases, if you do not specify a register that is being used as output in the output argument, the compiler may use the register as a temporary register, corrupting the output value. scratch=<> Register set that indicates registers that are used within the routine but which should not be saved and restored at routine entry and exit. The caller of the routine does not expect to receive output values nor does it expect the registers to be preserved. Registers included in this register set are not saved and restored by the compiler, even if they are modified by the routine. The compiler may use registers R13 and above as temporary registers if they are unused in the routine source code. Because R13 through R15 must be preserved, if modified, according to the OpenVMS Alpha calling standard, the compiler preserves those registers if it uses them. However, if they appear in the scratch register set declaration, the compiler will not preserve them if it uses them as temporary registers. As a result, these registers may be scratched at routine exit, even if they were not used in the routine source but are in the scratch set. If the VAXREGS optimization is used, this applies to registers R2 through R12, as well. preserve=<> Register set that indicates those registers that should be preserved over the routine call. This should include only those registers that are modified and whose full 64-bit contents should be saved and restored. This register set causes registers to be preserved whether or not they would have been preserved automatically by the compiler. Note that because R0 and R1 are scratch registers, by calling standard definition, the compiler never saves and restores them unless you specify them in this register set. This register set overrides the output and scratch register sets. If you specify a register both in the preserve register set and in the output or scratch register sets, the compiler will report the following warning: %AMAC-W-REGDECCON, register declaration conflict in routine A NOTE For procedures declared with the .JSB_ENTRY directive, the MACRO-32 compiler automatically generates a null frame procedure descriptor. Because no new context is set up by a null frame procedure, a side effect is that there is no guarantee of completely accurate debugger information about such procedures in response to SHOW CALLS and SHOW STACK commands. For example, the line number in the called null procedure (to which a JSB is done) may be reported as the line number in the calling procedure from which the JSB is issued. 4 .JSB32_ENTRY Declares the entry point of a JSB routine to the compiler. This directive does not preserve any VAX register values (R2 through R12) unless the PRESERVE parameter is specified. The routine itself may save and restore registers by pushing them on the stack, but this will not preserve the upper 32 bits of the registers. See also .JSB_ENTRY. WARNING The .JSB32_ENTRY directive can be a great time-saver if you are sure that you can use it. If you use .JSB32_ENTRY in a situation where the upper 32 bits of a register are being used, it may cause very obscure and difficult-to-track bugs by corrupting a 64-bit value that may be several calling levels above the offending routine. .JSB32_ENTRY should never be used in an AST routine, condition handler, or any other code that can be executed asynchronously. Format .JSB32_ENTRY [input] [,output] [,scratch] [,preserve] 5 Parameters input=<> Register set that indicates those registers from which the routine receives input values. For the .JSB32_ENTRY directive, this register set is used only to document your code. output=<> Register set that indicates those registers to which the routine assigns values that are returned to the routine's caller. For the .JSB32_ENTRY directive, this register set is used only to document your code. scratch=<> Register set that indicates registers that are used within the routine but which should not be saved and restored at routine entry and exit. The caller of the routine does not expect to receive output values nor does it expect the registers to be preserved. The scratch argument also pertains to the compiler's temporary register usage. The compiler may use registers R13 and above as temporary registers if they are unused in the routine source code. Because R13 through R15 must be preserved, if modified, according to the OpenVMS Alpha calling standard, the compiler preserves those registers if it uses them. However, if they appear in the scratch register set declaration, the compiler will not preserve them if it uses them as temporary registers. As a result, these registers may be scratched at routine exit, even if they were not used in the routine source but are in the scratch set. Because R2 through R12 are not preserved by default, their inclusion in the scratch is for documentation purposes only. preserve=<> Register set that indicates those registers that should be preserved over the routine call. This should include only those registers that are modified and whose full 64-bit contents should be saved and restored. This register set causes registers to be preserved by the compiler. By default, no registers are preserved by the .JSB32_ ENTRY directive. This register set overrides the output and scratch register sets. If you specify a register both in the preserve register set and in the output or scratch register sets, the compiler will report the warning: %AMAC-W-REGDECCON, register declaration conflict in routine A 5 Description The .JSB32_ENTRY directive is an alternative way of declaring a JSB entry point. It is designed to streamline the declaration of VAX MACRO routines that operate within a well-defined, bounded application environment, such as that of a single application or a self-contained subsystem. For any routine declared with the .JSB32_ENTRY directive, the compiler does not automatically save or restore any VAX registers (R2 through R12), therefore leaving the current 32-bit operation untouched. When you use the .JSB32_ ENTRY directive to declare a JSB entry point, you are responsible for declaring and saving registers which must be preserved. If the externally visible entry points of a subsystem can be called from the 64-bit environment, those entry points should not be declared with .JSB32_ENTRY. Instead, .JSB_ENTRY (or .CALL_ ENTRY) should be used so that the full 64-bit register values are saved, if necessary. 4 .LINKAGE_PSECT Allows the name of the linkage section psect to be changed. Format .LINKAGE_PSECT program-section-name 5 Parameters program_section_name Name of the program section. The name can contain up to 31 characters, including any alphanumeric character and the special characters underline (_), dollar sign ($), and period (.). 5 Description The .LINKAGE_PSECT directive allows you to locate a routine's linkage section by reference to other psects within the routine. This facilitates such operations as locking code within memory and forcing code location. An example of forcing code location is to explicitly place the psect in the image created by the linker, using linker options. This would let you use adjacent psects to find their bounds. You can use the .LINKAGE_PSECT directive multiple times within a single source module to set different linkage sections for different routines. However, note that a routine's linkage section remains the same for the entire routine. The name of the routine's linkage section is the one specified in the last .LINKAGE_PSECT directive before the routine's entry point directive. The compiler reports a fatal error if different linkage sections are specified for routines that share code paths. The .LINKAGE_PSECT directive sets the psect attributes to be the same as the default linkage psect $LINKAGE. The attributes are the same as the normal psect default attributes except the linkage psect is set NOEXE NOWRT. You can change the linkage section psect attributes using the .PSECT directive after declaring the psect with .LINKAGE_PSECT. 5 Example .LINKAGE_PSECT LINK_001 .PSECT LINK_000 LS_START: .PSECT LINK_002 LS_END: This code allows a program to use LS_START and LS_END in computations to determine the location and size of the linkage section (LINK_001) of the routine. 4 .PRESERVE Directs the compiler to generate special Alpha assembly code for VAX MACRO instructions, within portions of the source module, that rely on VAX guarantees of operation atomicity or granularity. Format .[NO]PRESERVE argument-list 5 Parameters argument-list One or more of the symbolic arguments listed in the following table: Option Description GRANULARITY Preserves the rules of VAX granularity of writes. Specifying .PRESERVE GRANULARITY causes the compiler to use Alpha Load-locked and Store- conditional instruction sequences in code it generates for VAX instructions that perform byte, word, or unaligned longword writes. ATOMICITY Preserves atomicity of VAX modify operations. Specifying .PRESERVE ATOMICITY causes the compiler to use Load-locked and Store-conditional instruction sequences in code it generates for instructions with modify operands. 5 Description The .PRESERVE and .NOPRESERVE directives cause the compiler to generate special Alpha assembly code for VAX MACRO instructions, within portions of the source module, that rely on VAX guarantees of operation atomicity or granularity. Use of .PRESERVE or .NOPRESERVE without specifying GRANULARITY or ATOMICITY will affect both options. When preservation of both granularity and atomicity is enabled, and the compiler encounters a VAX coding construct that requires both granularity and atomicity guarantees, it enforces atomicity over granularity. Alternatively, you can use the /PRESERVE and /NOPRESERVE compiler qualifiers to affect the atomicity and granularity in generated code throughout an entire MACRO source module. Atomicity is guaranteed for multiprocessing systems as well as uniprocessing systems when you specify .PRESERVE ATOMICITY. When the .PRESERVE directive is present, you can use the /RETRY_ COUNT qualifier on the command line to control the number of times the compiler-generated code retries a granular or atomic update. WARNING If .PRESERVE ATOMICITY is turned on, any unaligned data references will result in a fatal reserved operand fault. If .PRESERVE GRANULARITY is turned on, unaligned word references to addresses assumed aligned will also cause a fatal reserved operand fault. 5 Example INCW 1(R0) This instruction, when compiled with .PRESERVE GRANULARITY, retries the insertion of the new word value, if it is interrupted. However, when compiled with .PRESERVE ATOMICITY, it will also refetch the initial value and increment it, if interrupted. If both options are specified, it will do the latter. 4 .SET_REGISTERS This directive allows the user to override the compiler's alignment assumptions, and also allows implicit reads/writes of registers to be declared. Format .SET_REGISTERS argument-list 5 Parameters argument-list One or more of the arguments listed in the following table. For each argument, you can specify one or more registers. Option Description aligned=<> Declares one or more registers to be aligned on longword boundaries. unaligned=<> Declares one or more registers to be unaligned. Because this is an explicit declaration, this unaligned condition will not produce a fault at runtime. read=<> Declares one or more registers, which otherwise the compiler could not detect as input registers, to be read. written=<> Declares one or more registers, which otherwise the compiler could not detect as output registers, to be written to. 5 Description The aligned and unaligned qualifiers to this directive allow the user to override the compiler's alignment assumptions. Using the directive for this purpose in certain cases can produce more efficient code. The read and written qualifiers to this directive allow implicit reads and writes of registers to be declared. They are generally used to declare the register usage of called routines and are useful for documenting your program. With one exception, the .SET_REGISTERS directive remains in effect (ensuring proper alignment processing) until the routine ends, unless you change the value in the register. The exception can occur under certain conditions when a flow path joins the code following a .SET_REGISTERS directive. The following example illustrates such an exception. R2 is declared aligned, and at a subsequent label, 10$, which is before the next write access to the register, a flow path joins the code. R2 will be treated as unaligned following the label, because it is unaligned from the other path. INCL R2 ; R2 is now unaligned . . . BLBC R0, 10$ . . . MOVL R5, R2 .SET_REGISTERS ALIGNED=R2 MOVL R0, 4(R2) 10$: MOVL 4(R2), R3 ; R2 considered unaligned ; due to BLBC branch The .SET_REGISTERS directive and its read and written qualifiers are required on every routine call that passes or returns data in any register from R2 through R12, if you specify the command line qualifier and option /OPTIMIZE=VAXREGS. That is because the compiler allows the use of unused VAX registers as temporary registers when you specify /OPTIMIZE=VAXREGS. 5 Examples 1.DIVLR0,R1 .SET_REGISTERS ALIGNED=R1 MOVL 8(R1), R2 ; Compiler will use aligned load. In this example, the compiler would normally consider R1 unaligned after the division. Any memory references using R1 as a base register (until it is changed again) would use unaligned load/stores. If it is known that the actual value will always be aligned, performance could be improved by adding a .SET_ REGISTERS directive, as shown. 2.MOV1 4(R0), R1 ; Stored memory addresses assumed .SET_REGISTERS UNALIGNED=R1 ; aligned so explicitly set it unaligned MOVL 4(R1), R2 ; to avoid runtime fault. In this example, R1 would be considered longword aligned after the MOVL. If it is actually unaligned, an alignment fault would occur on memory reference that follows at runtime. To prevent this, the .SET_REGISTERS directive can be used, as shown. 3..SET_REGISTERS READ=<R3,R4>, WRITTEN=R5 JSB DO_SOMETHING_USEFUL In this example, the read/written attributes are used to explicitly declare register uses which the compiler cannot detect. R3 and R4 are input registers to the JSB target routine, and R5 is an output register. This is particularly useful if the routine containing this JSB does not use these registers itself, or if the SET_REGISTERS directive and JSB are embedded in a macro. When compiled with /FLAG=HINTS, routines which use the macro would then have R3 and R4 listed as possible input registers, even if they are not used in that routine. 4 .SYMBOL_ALIGNMENT This directive associates an alignment attribute with a symbol definition for a register offset. You can use this directive when you know the alignment of the base register. This attribute guarantees to the compiler that the base register has the same alignment, which enables the compiler to generate optimal code. Format .SYMBOL_ALIGNMENT argument-list 5 Parameters argument-list One of the arguments listed in the following table. Option Description long Declares longword alignment for any symbol that you declare after this directive. quad Declares quadword alignment for any symbol that you declare after this directive. none Turns off the alignment specified by the preceding .SYMBOL_ALIGNMENT directive. 5 Description The .SYMBOL_ALIGNMENT directive is used to associate an alignment attribute with the fields in a structure when you know the base alignment. It is used in pairs. The first .SYMBOL_ALIGNMENT directive associates either longword (long) or quadword (quad) alignment with the symbol or symbols that follow. The second directive, .SYMBOL_ALIGNMENT none, turns it off. Any time a reference is made with a symbol with an alignment attribute, the base register of that reference, in effect, inherits the symbol's alignment. The compiler also resets the base register's alignment to longword for subsequent alignment tracking. This alignment guarantee enables the compiler to produce more efficient code sequences. 5 Example OFFSET1 = 4 .SYMBOL_ALIGNMENT LONG OFFSET2 = 8 OFFSET3 = 12 .SYMBOL_ALIGNMENT QUAD OFFSET4 = 16 .SYMBOL_ALIGNMENT NONE OFFSET5 = 20 . . . CLR1 OFFSET2(R8) . . . MOVL R2, OFFSET4(R6) For OFFSET1 and OFFSET5, the compiler will use only its tracking information for deciding if Rn in OFFSET1(Rn) is aligned or not. For the other references, the base register will be treated as longword (OFFSET2 and OFFSET3) or quadword (OFFSET4) aligned. After each use of OFFSET2 or OFFSET4, the base register in the reference is reset to longword alignment. In this example, the alignment of R8 and R6 will be reset to longword, although the reference to OFFSET4 will use the stronger quadword alignment. 3 Alpha_Instruction_Built-Ins Ported VAX MACRO code sometimes requires access to Alpha native instructions to deal directly with a 64-bit quantity or to include an Alpha instruction that has no VAX equivalent. The compiler provides built-ins to allow you access to these instructions. NOTE Be careful when mixing built-ins with VAX MACRO instructions on the same registers. The code generated by the compiler expects registers to contain 32-bit sign extended values, but it is possible to create 64-bit register values that are not in this format. Subsequent longword operations on these registers could produce incorrect results. Therefore, make sure to return registers to 32-bit sign extended format before using them in VAX MACRO instructions as source operands. (Loading the register with a new value using a VAX MACRO instruction (such as MOVL) returns it to this format.) You use these built-ins in the same way that you use native VAX instructions, using any VAX operand mode. For example, EVAX_ ADDQ 8(R0),(SP)+,R1 is legal. The only exception is that the first operand of any Alpha load/store built-in (EVAX_LD*, EVAX_ ST*) must be a register. It is recommended that you place any built-in within an ".IF DF,EVAX" conditional code block unless the module is Alpha specific. The following byte and word built-ins are included in the MACRO- 32 compiler, starting with OpenVMS Alpha Version 7.1: o EVAX_LDBU o EVAX_LDWU o EVAX_STB o EVAX_STW o EVAX_SEXTB o EVAX_SEXTW The best environment in which to run code that contains the byte and word built-ins is on an Alpha computer that implements these instructions in hardware. If you run such code on an OpenVMS Alpha system that implements them by software emulation, the following limitations exist: o Significant performance loss The overhead of handling the exception to trigger the software emulation causes a significant performance loss. If software emulation is in effect, you will see the following message: %SYSTEM-I-EMULATED, an instruction not implemented on this processor was emulated o Some capabilities not present in the software emulation The software emulation is not capable of providing all the capabilities that would be present on a system that implemented the the instructions in hardware. Code that executes in inner access modes and at elevated IPL is allowed to use these instructions. For example, activation of the software emulator above IPL 2 will not cause a bugcheck. However, certain applications where these instructions might be useful, such as direct writes to hardware control registers, will be impossible, because such applications require the presence of address lines whose function cannot be emulated. Furthermore, if the code with these built-ins executes on a system without either the byte and word software emulator or a processor that implements the byte and word instructions in hardware, it will incur a fatal exception, such as the following: %SYSTEM-F-OPCDEC, opcode reserved to Digital fault at PC=00000000000020068,PS=0000001B The following table summarizes the Alpha built-ins supported by the compiler. NOTE Memory references in the MACRO-32 compiler built-ins are always assumed to be quadword aligned except in EVAX_SEXTB, EVAX_SEXTW, EVAX_LDBU, EVAX_LDWU, EVAX_STB, EVAX_STW, EVAX_ LDQU, and EVAX_STQU. Built-in Operands Description EVAX_SEXTB <RQ,WB> Sign extend byte EVAX_SEXTW <RQ,WW> Sign extend word EVAX_SEXTL <RQ,WL> Sign extend longword EVAX_LDBU <WQ,AB> Load zero-extended byte from memory EVAX_LDWU <WQ,AQ> Load zero-extended word from memory EVAX_LDLL <WL,AL> Load longword locked EVAX_LDAQ <WQ,AQ> Load address of quadword EVAX_LDQ <WQ,AQ> Load quadword EVAX_LDQL <WQ,AQ> Load quadword locked EVAX_LDQU <WQ,AQ> Load unaligned quadword EVAX_STB <RQ,AB> Store byte from register to memory EVAX_STW <RQ,AW> Store word from register to memory EVAX_STLC <ML,AL> Store longword conditional EVAX_STQ <RQ,AQ> Store quadword EVAX_STQC <MQ,AQ> Store quadword conditional EVAX_STQU <RQ,AQ> Store unaligned quadword EVAX_ADDQ <RQ,RQ,WQ> Quadword add EVAX_SUBQ <RQ,RQ,WQ> Quadword subtract EVAX_MULQ <RQ,RQ,WQ> Quadword multiply EVAX_UMULH <RQ,RQ,WQ> Unsigned quadword multiply high EVAX_AND <RQ,RQ,WQ> Logical product EVAX_OR <RQ,RQ,WQ> Logical sum EVAX_XOR <RQ,RQ,WQ> Logical difference EVAX_BIC <RQ,RQ,WQ> Bit clear EVAX_ORNOT <RQ,RQ,WQ> Logical sum with complement EVAX_EQV <RQ,RQ,WQ> Logical equivalence EVAX_SLL <RQ,RQ,WQ> Shift left logical EVAX_SRL <RQ,RQ,WQ> Shift right logical EVAX_SRA <RQ,RQ,WQ> Shift right arithmetic EVAX_EXTBL <RQ,RQ,WQ> Extract byte low EVAX_EXTWL <RQ,RQ,WQ> Extract word low EVAX_EXTLL <RQ,RQ,WQ> Extract longword low EVAX_EXTQL <RQ,RQ,WQ> Extract quadword low EVAX_EXTBH <RQ,RQ,WQ> Extract byte high EVAX_EXTWH <RQ,RQ,WQ> Extract word high EVAX_EXTLH <RQ,RQ,WQ> Extract longword high EVAX_EXTQH <RQ,RQ,WQ> Extract quadword high EVAX_INSBL <RQ,RQ,WQ> Insert byte low EVAX_INSWL <RQ,RQ,WQ> Insert word low EVAX_INSLL <RQ,RQ,WQ> Insert longword low EVAX_INSQL <RQ,RQ,WQ> Insert quadword low EVAX_INSBH <RQ,RQ,WQ> Insert byte high EVAX_INSWH <RQ,RQ,WQ> Insert word high EVAX_INSLH <RQ,RQ,WQ> Insert longword high EVAX_INSQH <RQ,RQ,WQ> Insert quadword high EVAX_TRAPB <> Trap barrier EVAX_MB <> Memory barrier EVAX_RPCC <WQ> Read process cycle counter EVAX_CMPEQ <RQ,RQ,WQ> Integer signed compare, equal EVAX_CMPLT <RQ,RQ,WQ> Integer signed compare, less than EVAX_CMPLE <RQ,RQ,WQ> Integer signed compare, less equal EVAX_CMPULT <RQ,RQ,WQ> Integer unsigned compare, less than EVAX_CMPULE <RQ,RQ,WQ> Integer unsigned compare, less equal EVAX_BEQ <RQ,AQ> Branch equal EVAX_BLT <RQ,AQ> Branch less than EVAX_BNE <RQ,AQ> Branch not equal EVAX_CMOVEQ <RQ,RQ,WQ> Conditional move/equal EVAX_CMOVNE <RQ,RQ,WQ> Conditional move/not equal EVAX_CMOVLT <RQ,RQ,WQ> Conditional move/less than EVAX_CMOVLE <RQ,RQ,WQ> Conditional move/less or equal EVAX_CMOVGT <RQ,RQ,WQ> Conditional move/greater than EVAX_CMOVGE <RQ,RQ,WQ> Conditional move/greater or equal EVAX_CMOVLBC <RQ,RQ,WQ> Conditional move/low bit clear EVAX_CMOVLBS <RQ,RQ,WQ> Conditional move/low bit set EVAX_MF_FPCR <WQ> Move from floating-point control register EVAX_MT_FPCR <WQ,RQ> Move to floating-point control register EVAX_ZAP <RQ,RQ,WQ> Zero bytes EVAX_ZAPNOT <RQ,RQ,WQ> Zero bytes with NOT mask 3 Alpha_PALcode_Built-Ins Alpha PALcode built-ins, primarily for privileged code, are used in the same way that Alpha instruction built-ins are used with two exceptions: o For the queue PAL functions, the compiler does not move the input arguments to the Alpha registers before issuing the PAL call as it does for all other functions. Therefore, you must supply the code to do that. o When using a built-in for a PAL call that returns a value, the source code must explicitly read R0 for the return value. NOTE Be careful when mixing built-ins with VAX MACRO instructions on the same registers. The code generated by the compiler expects registers to contain 32-bit sign extended values, but it is possible to create 64-bit register values that are not in this format. Subsequent longword operations on these registers could produce incorrect results. Therefore, make sure to return registers to 32-bit sign extended format before using them in VAX MACRO instructions as source operands. (Loading the register with a new value using a VAX MACRO instruction (such as MOVL) returns it to this format.) Certain Alpha PALcode built-ins, EVAX_INSQHIQR, EVAX_INSQTIQR, EVAX_REMQHIQR, and EVAX_REMQHITR, support the manipulation of quadword queues, a function that VAX MACRO-32 does not support. If you use these built-ins, you must supply the code to move the input arguments to R16 (and R17, for EVAX_INSQxxxx), as shown in the following example: MOVAB Q_header, R16 ; Set up address of queue header for PAL call EVAX_REMQHIQR ; Remove quadword queue entry EVAX_STQ R0, entry ; Save entry address returned in R0 The Alpha PALcode built-ins are listed in the following table. NOTE You can use the .DEFINE_PAL compiler directive to custom- define a built-in for an Alpha PALcode operation that is not listed in this table. Built-in Operands Description EVAX_CFLUSH <RQ> Cache flush EVAX_DRAINA <> Drain aborts EVAX_LDQP <AQ> Load quadword physical EVAX_STQP <AQ,RQ> Store quadword physical EVAX_SWPCTX <AQ> Swap privileged context EVAX_BUGCHK <RQ> Bugcheck EVAX_CHMS <> Change mode supervisor EVAX_CHMU <> Change mode user EVAX_IMB <> Instruction memory barrier EVAX_SWASTEN <RQ> Swap AST enable EVAX_WR_PS_SW <RQ> Write processor status software field EVAX_MTPR_ASTEN <RQ> Move to processor register ASTEN EVAX_MTPR_ASTSR <RQ> Move to processor register ASTSR EVAX_MTPR_AT <RQ> Move to processor register AT EVAX_MTPR_FEN <RQ> Move to processor register FEN EVAX_MTPR_IPIR <RQ> Move to processor register IPIR EVAX_MTPR_IPL <RQ> Move to processor register IPL EVAX_MTPR_PRBR <RQ> Move to processor register PRBR EVAX_MTPR_SCBB <RQ> Move to processor register SCBB EVAX_MTPR_SIRR <RQ> Move to processor register SIRR EVAX_MTPR_TBIA <> Move to processor register TBIA EVAX_MTPR_TBIAP <> Move to processor register TBIAP EVAX_MTPR_TBIS <AQ> Move to processor register TBIS EVAX_MTPR_TBISD <AQ> Move to processor register, TB invalidate single DATA EVAX_MTPR_TBISI <AQ> Move to processor register, TB invalidate single ISTREAM EVAX_MTPR_ESP <AQ> Move to processor register ESP EVAX_MTPR_SSP <AQ> Move to processor register SSP EVAX_MTPR_USP <AQ> Move to processor register USP EVAX_MFPR_ASN <> Move from processor register ASN EVAX_MFPR_AT <> Move from processor register AT EVAX_MFPR_FEN <> Move from processor register FEN EVAX_MFPR_IPL <> Move from processor register IPL EVAX_MFPR_MCES <> Move from processor register MCES EVAX_MFPR_PCBB <> Move from processor register PCBB EVAX_MFPR_PRBR <> Move from processor register PRBR EVAX_MFPR_PTBR <> Move from processor register PTBR EVAX_MFPR_SCBB <> Move from processor register SCBB EVAX_MFPR_SISR <> Move from processor register SISR EVAX_MFPR_TBCHK <AQ> Move from processor register TBCHK EVAX_MFPR_ESP <> Move from processor register ESP EVAX_MFPR_SSP <> Move from processor register SSP EVAX_MFPR_USP <> Move from processor register USP EVAX_MFPR_WHAMI <> Move from processor register WHAMI EVAX_INSQHILR <> Insert entry into longword queue at head interlocked-resident EVAX_INSQTILR <> Insert entry into longword queue at tail interlocked-resident EVAX_INSQHIQR <> Insert entry into quadword queue at head interlocked-resident EVAX_INSQTIQR <> Insert entry into quadword queue at tail interlocked-resident EVAX_REMQHILR <> Remove entry from longword queue at head interlocked-resident EVAX_REMQTILR <> Remove entry from longword queue at tail interlocked-resident EVAX_REMQHIQR <> Remove entry from quadword queue at head interlocked-resident EVAX_REMQTIQR <> Remove entry from quadword queue at tail interlocked-resident EVAX_GENTRAP <> Generate trap exception EVAX_READ_UNQ <> Read unique context EVAX_WRITE_UNQ <RQ> Write unique context 3 Page-Related_Calculations This section describes the following macros that provide a standard, architecture-independent means for calculating page- size dependent values: o $BYTES_TO_PAGES o $NEXT_PAGE o $PAGES_TO_BYTES o $PREVIOUS_PAGE o $ROUND_RETADR o $START_OF_PAGE These macros reside in the directory SYS$LIBRARY:STARLET.MLB and can be used by both application code and system code. Because application code does not have access to SYSTEM_DATA_CELLS, the user must supply the relevant masks, shift values, and so on. The shift values are correlated with the page size of the processor. The rightshift values are negative; the leftshift values are positive, as shown in the following table. Page size rightshift leftshift 512 bytes (VAX) -9 9 8K (Alpha) -13 13 Typically, the application issues a call to $GETSYI (specifying the SYI$_PAGESIZE item descriptor) to obtain the CPU-specific page size and then compute other values from the page size that is returned. The following conventions apply to the macros described in this section: o If the destination operand is blank, the source operand is used as the destination. o All macros conditionalize code on the symbols VAXPAGE and BIGPAGE. o Several macros allow for page-size-independent code on VAX systems with the independent=YES argument. These macros generate code in which I-stream fetches are changed to memory accesses. Because this is inherently slower on a VAX system, the default value of the independent argument is NO. 4 $BYTES_TO_PAGES Converts a byte count to a page count. Format $BYTES_TO_PAGES source_bytcnt, dest_pagcnt, rightshift, roundup=YES 5 Parameters source_bytcnt Source byte count. dest_pagcnt Destination of page count. rightshift Location of application-provided value to shift (in place of multiply). This value is a function of the page size, as shown in the table on shift values. roundup=YES If YES, page-size-1 is added to byte count before shifting; if NO, page count is truncated. Any other value is treated as the user-specified address of the page-size-1 value. Note that roundup=YES is incompatible with the presence of the rightshift argument; invoking the macro with both these arguments generates a compile-time warning. 4 $NEXT_PAGE Computes the virtual address of the first byte in the next page. Format $NEXT_PAGE source_va, dest_va, clearbwp=NO, user_pagesize_addr, user_mask_addr 5 Parameters source_va Source virtual address. dest_va Destination of virtual address within next page. clearbwp=NO If YES, masks the byte-within-page portion of the source virtual address. The clearbwp=NO option is a performance enhancement, avoiding unnecessary instructions if you know you are starting on a page boundary or you are intending to divide by page-size anyway. user_pagesize_addr Location of the page-size value (returned by a call to the $GETSYI system service specifying the SYI$_PAGESIZE item descriptor) in the application data area. If this argument is blank, the macro uses MMG$GL_PAGESIZE (bigpage) or MMG$C-VAX- PAGE-SIZE (vaxpage). user_mask_addr Location of the application-provided byte-within-page mask. If this argument is blank, the macro uses MMG$GL_BWP_MASK if user_ pagesize_addr is also blank. Otherwise, it subtracts one from the contents of the user_pagesize_addr and uses that value. 4 $PAGES_TO_BYTES Converts a page count to a byte count. Format $PAGES_TO_BYTES source_pagcnt, dest_bytcnt, leftshift 5 Parameters source_pagcnt Source page count. dest_bytcnt Destination of byte count. leftshift Location of application-provided value to shift (in place of multiply). This value is a function of the page size, as shown in the table on shift values. 4 $PREVIOUS_PAGE Computes the virtual address of the first byte in the previous page. Format $PREVIOUS_PAGE source_va, dest_va, clearbwp=NO, user_pagesize_addr, user_mask_addr 5 Parameters source_va Source virtual address. dest_va Destination of virtual address within previous page. clearbwp=NO If YES, masks the byte-within-page portion of the source virtual address. The clearbwp=NO option is a performance enhancement, avoiding unnecessary instructions if you know you are starting on a page boundary or you are intending to divide by page-size anyway. user_pagesize_addr Location of the page-size value (returned by a call to the $GETSYI system service specifying the SYI$_PAGESIZE item descriptor) in the application data area. If this argument is blank, the macro uses MMG$GL_PAGESIZE (bigpage) or MMG$C-VAX- PAGE-SIZE (vaxpage). user_mask_addr Location of the application-provided byte-within-page mask. If this argument is blank, the macro uses MMG$GL_BWP_MASK if user_ pagesize_addr is also blank. Otherwise, it subtracts one from the contents of the user_pagesize_addr and uses that value. 4 $ROUND_RETADR Rounds the range implied by the virtual addresses in a retadr array returned from a memory management system service to a range that is the factor of CPU-specific pages. The return value can be supplied as an inadr array in a subsequent call to another memory management system service. Format $ROUND_RETADR retadr, full_range, user_mask_addr, direction=ASCENDING 5 Parameters retadr Address of array of two 32-bit addresses, typically returned from $CRMPSC or a similar service. This value can be in the form of either "label" or "(Rx)". full_range Output array of two longwords. FULL_RANGE[0] is retadr[0] rounded down to a CPU-specific page boundary, and FULL_RANGE[1] is retadr[1] rounded up to one less than a CPU-specific page boundary (that is, to the last byte in the page). user_mask_addr Location of application-provided byte-within-page mask. If this argument is blank, the macro uses MMG$GL_BWP_MASK on an OpenVMS Alpha system and VA$M_BYTE on an OpenVMS VAX system. direction=ASCENDING Direction of rounding. The keywords are defined in the following table: ASCENDING retadr[0] < retadr[1] DESCENDING retadr[1] < retadr[0] UNKNOWN Values are compared at run time, then proper rounding is performed 4 $START_OF_PAGE Converts a virtual address to the address of the first byte within that page. Format $START_OF_PAGE source_va, dest_va, user_mask_addr 5 Parameters source_va Source virtual address. dest_va Destination of virtual address of first byte within page. user_mask_addr Location of application-provided byte-within-page mask. If this argument is blank, the macro uses MMG$GL_BWP_MASK in OpenVMS Alpha systems and MMG$C-VAX-PAGE-SIZE - 1 (defined in $pagedef) in OpenVMS VAX systems. 3 Saving_and_Restoring_Alpha_Registers Frequently, VAX MACRO source code must save and restore register values, either because that is part of the defined interface or the code requires work registers. On OpenVMS VAX, code may invoke any number of macros to do this. On OpenVMS Alpha, you cannot simply replace these macros with 64-bit pushes and pops to and from the stack, because there is no guarantee that the macro caller has a quadword-aligned stack. Instead, you should replace such macro invocations with $PUSH64 and $POP64 macros. These macros, located in STARLET.MLB, preserve all 64 bits of a register but use longword references to do so. 4 $POP64 Pops the 64-bit value on the top of the stack into an Alpha register. Format $POP64 reg 5 Parameters reg Register into which the macro places the 64-bit value from the top of the stack. 5 Description $POP64 takes the 64-bit value at the top of the stack and places it in an Alpha register using longword instructions. This is to avoid using quadword instructions when an alignment fault should be avoided, but restoring all 64 bits is necessary. 4 $PUSH64 Pushes the contents of an Alpha 64-bit register onto the stack. Format $PUSH64 reg 5 Parameters reg Register to be pushed onto the stack. 5 Description $PUSH64 takes an Alpha 64-bit register and puts it on the stack using longword instructions. This is to avoid using quadword instructions when an alignment fault should be avoided, but saving all 64 bits is necessary. 3 Locking_Pages_into_a_Working_Set Five macros are provided for locking pages into a working set. These macros reside in SYS$LIBRARY:LIB.MLB. Three macros are used for image initialization-time lockdown, and two macros are used for on-the-fly lockdown. NOTE If the code is being locked because the IPL will be raised above 2, where page faults cannot occur, make sure that the delimited code does not call run-time library or other procedures. The VAX MACRO compiler generates calls to routines to emulate certain VAX instructions. An image that uses these macros must link against the system base image so that references to these routines are resolved by code in a nonpageable executive image. 4 Image_Initialization-Time_Lockdown The three macros for image initialization-time lockdown follow: o $LOCK_PAGE_INIT o $LOCKED_PAGE_END o $LOCKED_PAGE_START 5 $LOCK_PAGE_INIT Required in the initialization routines of an image that is using $LOCKED_PAGE_START and $LOCKED_PAGE_END to delineate areas to be locked at initialization time. Format $LOCK_PAGE_INIT [error] 6 Parameters [error] Address to which to branch if one of the $LKWSET calls fail. If this address is reached, R0 reflects the status of the failed call, and R1 contains 0 if the call to lock the code failed, or 1 if that call succeeded but the call to lock the linkage section failed. 6 Description $LOCK_PAGE_INIT creates the necessary psects and issues the $LWKSET calls to lock into the working set the code and linkage sections that were declared by $LOCKED_PAGE_START and $LOCKED_ PAGE_END. R0 and R1 are destroyed by this macro. The psects locked by this macro are $LOCK_PAGE_2 and $LOCK_ LINKAGE_2. If code sections in other modules, written in other languages, use these psects, they will be locked by an invocation of this macro in a VAX MACRO module. 5 $LOCKED_PAGE_END Marks the end of a section of code that may be locked at image initialization time by the $LOCK_PAGE_INIT macro. Format $LOCKED_PAGE_END [link_sect] 6 Parameters [link_sect] Psect to return to if the linkage psect in effect when the $LOCKED_PAGE_START macro was executed was not the default linkage psect, $LINKAGE. 6 Description $LOCKED_PAGE_END is used with $LOCKED_PAGE_START to delineate code that may be locked at image initialization time by the $LOCK_PAGE_INIT macro. The code delineated by these macros must contain complete routines-execution cannot fall through either macro, nor can you branch into or out of the locked code. Any attempt to branch into or out of the locked code section or to fall through the macros will be flagged by the compiler with an error. 5 $LOCKED_PAGE_START Marks the start of a section of code that may be locked at image initialization time by the $LOCK_PAGE_INIT macro. Format $LOCKED_PAGE_START There are no parameters for this macro. 6 Description $LOCKED_PAGE_START is used with $LOCKED_PAGE_END to delineate code that may be locked at image initialization time by the $LOCK_PAGE_INIT macro. The code delineated by these macros must contain complete routines-execution may not fall through either macro, nor may the locked code be branched into or out of. Any attempt to branch into or out of the locked code section or to fall through the macros will be flagged by the compiler with an error. 4 On-the-Fly_Lockdown The two macros for on-the-fly lockdown follow: o $LOCK_PAGE o $UNLOCK_PAGE 5 $LOCK_PAGE Marks the beginning of a section of code to be locked on the fly. Format $LOCK_PAGE [error] 6 Parameters [error] Address to branch to if one of the $LKWSET calls fail. 6 Description This macro is placed inline in executable code and must be followed by the $UNLOCK_PAGE macro. The $LOCK_PAGE/$UNLOCK_PAGE macro pair creates a separate routine in a separate psect. $LOCK_ PAGE locks the pages and linkage section of this separate routine into the working set and JSRs to it. All code between this macro and the matching $UNLOCK_PAGE macro is included in the locked routine and is locked down. All registers are preserved by this macro unless the error address parameter is present and one of the calls fail. If that happens, R0 reflects the status of the failed call. R1 then contains 0 if the call to lock the code failed or 1 if that call succeeded but the call to lock the linkage section failed. If the ERROR parameter is used, the ERROR label must be placed outside the scope of the $LOCK_PAGE and $UNLOCK_PAGE pair. This is because the error routine is branched to before calling the subroutine that the $LOCK_PAGE and $UNLOCK_PAGE routines create. Note that since the locked code is made into a separate routine, any references to local stack storage within the routine will have to be changed, as the stack context is no longer the same. Also, you cannot branch into or out of the locked code from the rest of the routine. 5 $UNLOCK_PAGE Marks the end of a section of code to be locked on the fly. Format $UNLOCK_PAGE [error][,LINK_SECT] 6 Parameters [error] An error address to which to branch if one of the $ULKWSET calls fail. [link_sect] Linkage psect to return to if the linkage psect in effect when the $LOCK_PAGE macro was executed was not the default linkage psect, $LINKAGE. 6 Description $UNLOCK_PAGE returns from the locked routine created by the $LOCK_PAGE and $UNLOCK_PAGE macro pair and then unlocks the pages and linkage section from the working set. This macro is placed inline in executable code after a $LOCK_PAGE macro. All registers are preserved by this macro unless the error address parameter is present and one of the calls fail. If that happens, R0 reflects the status of the failed call. R1 then contains 0 if the call to unlock the code failed or 1 if that call succeeded but the call to unlock the linkage section failed. If the error parameter is used, the error label must be placed outside the scope of the $LOCK_PAGE and $UNLOCK_PAGE pair. This is because the error routine is branched to after returning from the subroutine created by the $LOCK_PAGE and $UNLOCK_PAGE routines. 2 VAX_MACRO_Assembler 3 Parameter filespec[,...] Specifies a VAX MACRO assembly language source file to be assembled. If you specify more than one file, separate the file specifications with either commas (,) or plus signs (+). File specifications separated by commas cause the MACRO assembler to produce an object file (and, if indicated, a listing file) for each specified file. File specifications separated by plus signs are concatenated into one input file and produce a single object file (and listing file). You cannot include the asterisk (*) and the percent sign (%) wildcard characters in a file specification. For each file specification, the MACRO command supplies a default file type .MAR. The MACRO assembler creates output files of one version higher than the highest version existing in the target directory. 3 Qualifiers /ALPHA On Alpha systems, invokes the MACRO-64 Assembler for OpenVMS Alpha (if installed on the system). For a description of the assembler, see the MACRO-64 Assembler for OpenVMS Alpha Reference Manual. /ANALYSIS_DATA /ANALYSIS_DATA[=filespec] /NOANALYSIS_DATA (default) Controls whether the assembler creates an analysis data file for the OpenVMS Source Code Analyzer (SCA), and optionally provides the file specification. By default, the assembler does not create an analysis data file. If you specify the /ANALYSIS_DATA qualifier without a file specification, the assembler creates a file with the same file name as the first input file for the MACRO command. The default file type for analysis data files is .ANA. When you specify the /ANALYSIS_DATA qualifier, you can control the defaults applied to the output file specification by the placement of the qualifier in the command line. /CROSS_REFERENCE /CROSS_REFERENCE[=(function[,...])] /NOCROSS_REFERENCE (default) Controls whether a listing is produced of the locations in the source file where the specified function (or functions) is defined or referenced. If you specify only one function, you can omit the parentheses. You can specify the following functions: ALL Cross-references directives, macros, operation codes, registers, and symbols DIRECTIVES Cross-references directives MACROS Cross-references macros OPCODES Cross-references operation codes REGISTERS Cross-references registers SYMBOLS Cross-references symbols Because the assembler writes the cross-references to the listing file, you must specify the /LIST qualifier with the /CROSS_ REFERENCE qualifier. If you specify no functions in the /CROSS_ REFERENCE qualifier, the assembler assumes the default value of /CROSS_REFERENCE=(MACROS,SYMBOLS). The /NOCROSS_REFERENCE qualifier excludes the cross-reference listing. /DEBUG /DEBUG[=option] /NODEBUG (default) Includes or excludes local symbols in the symbol table or traceback information in the object module. You can replace the /ENABLE and /DISABLE qualifiers with the /DEBUG and /NODEBUG qualifiers when you use the appropriate DEBUG and TRACEBACK options. The /DEBUG or the /NODEBUG qualifier overrides debugging characteristics set with the .ENABLE or .DISABLE assembler directives. You can specify one or more of the following options: ALL Includes in the object module all local symbols in the symbol table, and provides all traceback information for the debugger. This option is equivalent to /ENABLE=(DEBUG,TRACEBACK). NONE Makes local symbols and traceback information in the object module unavailable to the debugger. This option is equivalent to /DISABLE=(DEBUG,TRACEBACK). SYMBOLS Makes all local symbols in the object module available to the debugger. Makes traceback information unavailable to the debugger. This option is equivalent to /ENABLE=DEBUG and /DISABLE=TRACEBACK together. TRACEBACK Makes traceback information in the object module available to the debugger and local symbols unavailable to the debugger. This option is equivalent to /ENABLE=TRACEBACK and /DISABLE=DEBUG together. If you specify no options to the /DEBUG qualifier, it assumes the default value of /DEBUG=ALL. /DIAGNOSTICS /DIAGNOSTICS[=filespec] /NODIAGNOSTICS (default) Creates a file containing assembler messages and diagnostic information. If you omit the file specification, the default file name is the same as the source program; the default file type is DIA. No wildcard characters are allowed in the file specification. The diagnostics file is reserved for use with Digital layered products, such as the VAX Language-Sensitive Editor (LSE). /DISABLE /DISABLE=(function[,...]) /NODISABLE Provides initial settings for the functions disabled by the .DISABLE assembler directive. You can specify one or more of the following functions: ABSOLUTE Assembles relative addresses as absolute addresses. DEBUG Includes local symbol table information in the object file for use with the debugger. GLOBAL Assumes undefined symbols to be external symbols. SUPPRESSION Suppresses listing of unreferenced symbols in the symbol table. TRACEBACK Provides traceback information to the debugger. TRUNCATION Truncates floating-point numbers (if truncation is disabled, numbers are rounded). VECTOR Enables the assembler to accept and correctly process vector code. If you specify only one function, you can omit the parentheses. If you specify no functions in the /DISABLE qualifier, it assumes the default value of /DISABLE=(ABSOLUTE,DEBUG, TRUNCATION, VECTOR). The /NODISABLE qualifier has the same effect as not specifying the /DISABLE qualifier, or negates the effects of any /DISABLE qualifiers specified earlier in the command line. /ENABLE /ENABLE=(function[,...]) /NOENABLE Provides initial settings for the functions controlled by the .ENABLE assembler directive. You can specify one or more of the following functions: ABSOLUTE Assembles relative addresses as absolute addresses. DEBUG Includes local symbol table information in the object file for use with the debugger. GLOBAL Assumes undefined symbols to be external symbols. SUPPRESSION Suppresses listing of unreferenced symbols in the symbol table. TRACEBACK Provides traceback information to the debugger. TRUNCATION Truncates floating-point numbers (if truncation is disabled, numbers are rounded). VECTOR Enables the assembler to accept and correctly process vector code. The /NOENABLE qualifier has the same effect as not specifying the /ENABLE qualifier, or negates the effects of any /ENABLE qualifiers specified earlier in the command line. You can specify one or more of the functions listed in the description of the /DISABLE qualifier. If you specify only one function, you can omit the parentheses. If you specify no functions in the /DISABLE qualifier, it assumes the default value of /ENABLE=(GLOBAL,TRACEBACK,SUPPRESSION). /LIBRARY /LIBRARY /NOLIBRARY Positional qualifier. The /LIBRARY qualifier cannot be used with the /UPDATE qualifier. The associated input file to the /LIBRARY qualifier must be a macro library. The default file type is MLB. The /NOLIBRARY qualifier has the same effect as not specifying the /LIBRARY qualifier, or negates the effects of any /LIBRARY qualifiers specified earlier in the command line. The assembler can search up to 16 libraries, one of which is always STARLET.MLB. This number applies to a particular assembly, not necessarily to a particular MACRO command. If you enter the MACRO command so that more than one source file is assembled, but the source files are assembled separately, you can specify up to 16 macro libraries for each separate assembly. More than one macro library in an assembly causes the libraries to be searched in reverse order of their specification. A macro call in a source program causes the assembler to begin the following sequence of searches: 1. An initial search of the libraries specified with the .LIBRARY directive. The assembler searches these libraries in the reverse order of that in which they were declared. 2. If the macro definition is not found in any of the libraries specified with the .LIBRARY directive, a search of the libraries specified in the MACRO command line (in the reverse order in which they were specified). 3. If the macro definition is not found in any of the libraries specified in the command line, a search of STARLET.MLB. /LIST /LIST[=filespec] /NOLIST Creates or omits an output listing, and optionally provides an output file specification for it. The default file type for the listing file is LIS. No wildcard characters are allowed in the file specification. An interactive MACRO command does not produce a listing file by default. The /NOLIST qualifier, present either explicitly or by default, causes errors to be reported on the current output device. The /LIST qualifier is the default for a MACRO command in a batch job. The /LIST qualifier allows you to control the defaults applied to the output file specification by the placement of the qualifier in the command line. For more information on entering output file qualifiers, see the OpenVMS User's Manual. /OBJECT /OBJECT[=filespec] /NOOBJECT Creates or omits an object module. It also defines the file specification. By default, the assembler creates an object module with the same file name as the first input file. The default file type for object files is OBJ. No wildcard characters are allowed in the file specification. The /OBJECT qualifier controls the defaults applied to the output file specification by the placement of the qualifier in the command line. For more information on entering output file qualifiers, see the OpenVMS User's Manual. /SHOW /SHOW[=(function[,...])] /NOSHOW[=(function[,...])] Provides initial settings for the functions controlled by the assembler directives .SHOW and .NOSHOW. You can specify one or more of the following functions: CONDITIONALS Lists unsatisfied conditional code associated with .IF and .ENDC MACRO directives. CALLS Lists macro calls and repeat range expansions. DEFINITIONS Lists macro definitions. EXPANSIONS Lists macro expansions. BINARY Lists binary code generated by the expansion of macro calls. If you specify more than one function, separate each with a comma and enclose the list in parentheses. If you specify no functions in the /SHOW qualifier, it increments the listing level count; the /NOSHOW qualifier decrements the count in similar circumstances. Because these qualifiers contribute to the listing file, you must also specify the /LIST qualifier when you use them. If you do not specify the /SHOW qualifier, the MACRO command assumes a default of /SHOW=(CONDITIONALS,CALLS,DEFINITIONS). If you specify only one function, you can omit the parentheses. /UPDATE /UPDATE[=(update-filespec[,...])] /NOUPDATE Positional qualifier. The /UPDATE qualifier cannot be used with the /ALPHA, the /LIBRARY, or the /MIGRATION qualifier. Updates the input file it qualifies by using the SUMSLP batch editor and the specified update file or files. By default, the assembler assumes that the update file has the same file name as the input source file and a file type of UPD. You cannot include a wildcard character in the file specifications. If it cannot find a specified update file, the assembler prints an informational message and continues the assembly. If you specify only one update file, you can omit the parentheses. If you specify more than one update file, the assembler merges the contents into a single list of updates before applying the updates to the source file. The /NOUPDATE qualifier has the same effect as not specifying the /UPDATE qualifier, or negates any /UPDATE qualifiers specified earlier in the command line. The input source file and update files are not changed by the update operation. The effects of the update appear in the compiled output. If you specify the /LIST qualifier with the /UPDATE qualifier, the assembler writes an audit trail of the changes to the listing file. 3 /ANALYSIS_DATA /ANALYSIS_DATA[=filespec] /NOANALYSIS_DATA (default) Controls whether the assembler creates an analysis data file for the OpenVMS Source Code Analyzer (SCA), and optionally provides the file specification. By default, the assembler does not create an analysis data file. If you specify the /ANALYSIS_DATA qualifier without a file specification, the assembler creates a file with the same file name as the first input file for the MACRO command. The default file type for analysis data files is ANA. When you specify the /ANALYSIS_DATA qualifier, you can control the defaults applied to the output file specification by the placement of the qualifier in the command line. 3 /CROSS_REFERENCE /CROSS_REFERENCE[=(function[,...])] /NOCROSS_REFERENCE (default) Controls whether a listing is produced of the locations in the source file where the specified function (or functions) is defined or referenced. If you specify only one function, you can omit the parentheses. You can specify the following functions: ALL Cross-references directives, macros, operation codes, registers, and symbols DIRECTIVES Cross-references directives MACROS Cross-references macros OPCODES Cross-references operation codes REGISTERS Cross-references registers SYMBOLS Cross-references symbols Because the assembler writes the cross-references to the listing file, you must specify the /LIST qualifier with the /CROSS_ REFERENCE qualifier. If you specify no functions in the /CROSS_ REFERENCE qualifier, the assembler assumes the default value of /CROSS_REFERENCE=(MACROS,SYMBOLS). The /NOCROSS_REFERENCE qualifier excludes the cross-reference listing. 3 /DEBUG /DEBUG[=option] /NODEBUG (default) Includes or excludes local symbols in the symbol table or traceback information in the object module. You can replace the /ENABLE and /DISABLE qualifiers with the /DEBUG and /NODEBUG qualifiers when you use the appropriate DEBUG and TRACEBACK options. The /DEBUG or the /NODEBUG qualifier overrides debugging characteristics set with the .ENABLE or .DISABLE assembler directives. You can specify one or more of the following options: ALL Includes in the object module all local symbols in the symbol table, and provides all traceback information for the debugger. This option is equivalent to /ENABLE=(DEBUG,TRACEBACK). NONE Makes local symbols and traceback information in the object module unavailable to the debugger. This option is equivalent to /DISABLE=(DEBUG,TRACEBACK). SYMBOLS Makes all local symbols in the object module available to the debugger. Makes traceback information unavailable to the debugger. This option is equivalent to /ENABLE=DEBUG and /DISABLE=TRACEBACK together. TRACEBACK Makes traceback information in the object module available to the debugger and local symbols unavailable to the debugger. This option is equivalent to /ENABLE=TRACEBACK and /DISABLE=DEBUG together. If you specify no options to the /DEBUG qualifier, it assumes the default value of /DEBUG=ALL. 3 /DIAGNOSTICS /DIAGNOSTICS[=filespec] /NODIAGNOSTICS (default) Creates a file containing assembler messages and diagnostic information. If you omit the file specification, the default file name is the same as the source program; the default file type is DIA. No wildcard characters are allowed in the file specification. The diagnostics file is reserved for use with Digital layered products, such as the VAX Language-Sensitive Editor (LSE). 3 /DISABLE /DISABLE=(function[,...]) /NODISABLE Provides initial settings for the functions disabled by the .DISABLE assembler directive. You can specify one or more of the following functions: ABSOLUTE Assembles relative addresses as absolute addresses. DEBUG Includes local symbol table information in the object file for use with the debugger. GLOBAL Assumes undefined symbols to be external symbols. SUPPRESSION Suppresses listing of unreferenced symbols in the symbol table. TRACEBACK Provides traceback information to the debugger. TRUNCATION Truncates floating-point numbers (if truncation is disabled, numbers are rounded). VECTOR Enables the assembler to accept and correctly process vector code. If you specify only one function, you can omit the parentheses. If you specify no functions in the /DISABLE qualifier, it assumes the default value of /DISABLE=(ABSOLUTE,DEBUG, TRUNCATION, VECTOR). The /NODISABLE qualifier has the same effect as not specifying the /DISABLE qualifier, or negates the effects of any /DISABLE qualifiers specified earlier in the command line. 3 /ENABLE /ENABLE=(function[,...]) /NOENABLE Provides initial settings for the functions controlled by the .ENABLE assembler directive. You can specify one or more of the following functions: ABSOLUTE Assembles relative addresses as absolute addresses. DEBUG Includes local symbol table information in the object file for use with the debugger. GLOBAL Assumes undefined symbols to be external symbols. SUPPRESSION Suppresses listing of unreferenced symbols in the symbol table. TRACEBACK Provides traceback information to the debugger. TRUNCATION Truncates floating-point numbers (if truncation is disabled, numbers are rounded). VECTOR Enables the assembler to accept and correctly process vector code. The /NOENABLE qualifier has the same effect as not specifying the /ENABLE qualifier, or negates the effects of any /ENABLE qualifiers specified earlier in the command line. You can specify one or more of the functions listed in the description of the /DISABLE qualifier. If you specify only one function, you can omit the parentheses. If you specify no functions in the /DISABLE qualifier, it assumes the default value of /ENABLE=(GLOBAL,TRACEBACK,SUPPRESSION). 3 /LIBRARY /LIBRARY /NOLIBRARY Positional qualifier. The /LIBRARY qualifier cannot be used with the /UPDATE qualifier. The associated input file to the /LIBRARY qualifier must be a macro library. The default file type is MLB. The /NOLIBRARY qualifier has the same effect as not specifying the /LIBRARY qualifier, or negates the effects of any /LIBRARY qualifiers specified earlier in the command line. The assembler can search up to 16 libraries, one of which is always STARLET.MLB. This number applies to a particular assembly, not necessarily to a particular MACRO command. If you enter the MACRO command so that more than one source file is assembled, but the source files are assembled separately, you can specify up to 16 macro libraries for each separate assembly. More than one macro library in an assembly causes the libraries to be searched in reverse order of their specification. A macro call in a source program causes the assembler to begin the following sequence of searches: 1. An initial search of the libraries specified with the .LIBRARY directive. The assembler searches these libraries in the reverse order of that in which they were declared. 2. If the macro definition is not found in any of the libraries specified with the .LIBRARY directive, a search of the libraries specified in the MACRO command line (in the reverse order in which they were specified). 3. If the macro definition is not found in any of the libraries specified in the command line, a search of STARLET.MLB. 3 /LIST /LIST[=filespec] /NOLIST Creates or omits an output listing, and optionally provides an output file specification for it. The default file type for the listing file is LIS. No wildcard characters are allowed in the file specification. An interactive MACRO command does not produce a listing file by default. The /NOLIST qualifier, present either explicitly or by default, causes errors to be reported on the current output device. The /LIST qualifier is the default for a MACRO command in a batch job. The /LIST qualifier allows you to control the defaults applied to the output file specification by the placement of the qualifier in the command line. For more information on entering output file qualifiers, see the OpenVMS User's Manual. 3 /OBJECT /OBJECT[=filespec] /NOOBJECT Creates or omits an object module. It also defines the file specification. By default, the assembler creates an object module with the same file name as the first input file. The default file type for object files is OBJ. No wildcard characters are allowed in the file specification. The /OBJECT qualifier controls the defaults applied to the output file specification by the placement of the qualifier in the command line. For more information on entering output file qualifiers, see the OpenVMS User's Manual. 3 /SHOW /SHOW[=(function[,...])] /NOSHOW[=(function[,...])] Provides initial settings for the functions controlled by the assembler directives .SHOW and .NOSHOW. You can specify one or more of the following functions: CONDITIONALS Lists unsatisfied conditional code associated with .IF and .ENDC MACRO directives. CALLS Lists macro calls and repeat range expansions. DEFINITIONS Lists macro definitions. EXPANSIONS Lists macro expansions. BINARY Lists binary code generated by the expansion of macro calls. If you specify more than one function, separate each with a comma and enclose the list in parentheses. If you specify no functions in the /SHOW qualifier, it increments the listing level count; the /NOSHOW qualifier decrements the count in similar circumstances. Because these qualifiers contribute to the listing file, you must also specify the /LIST qualifier when you use them. If you do not specify the /SHOW qualifier, the MACRO command assumes a default of /SHOW=(CONDITIONALS,CALLS,DEFINITIONS). If you specify only one function, you can omit the parentheses. 3 /UPDATE /UPDATE[=(update-filespec[,...])] /NOUPDATE Positional qualifier. The /UPDATE qualifier cannot be used with the /LIBRARY qualifier. Updates the input file it qualifies by using the SUMSLP batch editor and the specified update file or files. By default, the assembler assumes that the update file has the same file name as the input source file and a file type of UPD. You cannot include a wildcard character in the file specifications. If it cannot find a specified update file, the assembler prints an informational message and continues the assembly. If you specify only one update file, you can omit the parentheses. If you specify more than one update file, the assembler merges the contents into a single list of updates before applying the updates to the source file. The /NOUPDATE qualifier has the same effect as not specifying the /UPDATE qualifier, or negates any /UPDATE qualifiers specified earlier in the command line. The input source file and update files are not changed by the update operation. The effects of the update appear in the compiled output. If you specify the /LIST qualifier with the /UPDATE qualifier, the assembler writes an audit trail of the changes to the listing file. 3 Description The MACRO command invokes the VAX MACRO assembler to assemble one or more assembly language source files. The qualifiers to the MACRO command serve as either command (global) qualifiers or positional qualifiers. A command qualifier affects all the files specified in the MACRO command. A positional qualifier affects only the file that it qualifies. All MACRO qualifiers except the /LIBRARY and /UPDATE qualifiers are usable as either command or positional qualifiers. The /LIBRARY and /UPDATE qualifiers are positional qualifiers only. See the qualifier descriptions for restrictions. For a complete functional description of the VAX MACRO assembler directives, see the VAX MACRO and Instruction Set Reference Manual. For a complete functional description of the MACRO-32 compiler for OpenVMS Alpha, see Migrating to an OpenVMS Alpha System: Porting VAX MACRO Code. 3 Directives The general assembler directives provide facilities for performing 11 types of functions; listing control, message display, assembler option, data storage, location control, program sectioning, symbol control, routine entry point, conditional and subconditional assembly, cross-reference, instruction generation, and linker option. The alternate form, if any, is given in parentheses. 4 .ADDRESS Stores successive longwords containing addresses in the object module. DIGITAL recommends that you use .ADDRESS rather than .LONG for storing address data to provide additional information to the Linker. In shareable images, addresses that you specify with .ADDRESS produce position-independent code. .ADDRESS address-list address-list A list of symbols or expressions, separated by commas, which VAX MACRO interprets as addresses. Repetition factors are not allowed. 4 .ALIGN Aligns the location counter to the boundary specified by either an integer or a keyword. .ALIGN integer[,expression] .ALIGN keyword[,expression] integer An integer in the range of 0 through 9. The location counter is aligned at an address that is the value of 2 raised to the power of the integer. keyword One of five keywords that specify the alignment boundary. The location counter is aligned to an address that is the next multiple of the values listed below. Keyword Size (in Bytes) BYTE 2^0 = 1 WORD 2^1 = 2 LONG 2^2 = 4 QUAD 2^3 = 8 PAGE 2^9 = 512 expression Specifies the fill value to be stored in each byte. The expression must not contain any undefined symbols and must be an absolute expression. 4 .ASCIx ASCII character storage directives VAX MACRO has four ASCII character storage directives: Directive Function ASCIC Counted ASCII string storage ASCID String-descriptor ASCII string storage ASCII ASCII string storage ASCIZ Zero-terminated ASCII string storage Each directive is followed by a string of characters enclosed in a pair of matching delimiters. The delimiters can be any printable character except the space or tab character, equal sign (=), semicolon (;), or left angle bracket (<). The character that you use as the delimiter cannot appear in the string itself. Although you can use alphanumeric characters as delimiters, use nonalphanumeric characters to avoid confusion. Any character except the null, carriage return, and form feed characters can appear within the string. The assembler does not convert lowercase alphabetic characters to uppercase. ASCII character storage directives convert the characters to their 8-bit ASCII and store them one character to a byte. Any character, including the null, carriage return, and form feed characters, can be represented by an expression enclosed in angle brackets outside of the delimiters. You must define the ASCII values of null, carriage return, and form feed with a direct assignment statement. The ASCII character storage directives store the 8-bit binary value specified by the expression. ASCII strings can be continued over several lines. Use the hyphen as the line continuation character and delimit the string on each line at both ends. Note that you can use a different pair of delimiters for each line. 5 .ASCIC Performs the same function as .ASCII, except that .ASCIC inserts a count byte before the string data. The count byte contains the length of the string in bytes. The length given includes any bytes of nonprintable characters outside the delimited string but excludes the count byte. .ASCIC string string A delimited ASCII string. 5 .ASCID Performs the same function as ASCII, except that .ASCID inserts a string descriptor before the string data. .ASCID string string A delimited ASCII string. The string descriptor has the following format: 31 0 ____________________________________ | information | length | +----------------+-----------------+ | pointer | +----------------------------------+ length The length of the string (two bytes). information Descriptor information (two bytes) is always set to 010E. pointer Position independent pointer to the string (four bytes). String descriptors are used in calling procedures. 5 .ASCII Stores the ASCII value of each character in the ASCII string or the value of each byte expression in the next available byte. .ASCII string string A delimited ASCII string. 5 .ASCIZ Performs the same function as .ASCII, except that .ASCIZ appends a null byte as the final character of the string. When a list or text string is created with an .ASCIZ directive, you need only perform a search for the null character in the last byte to determine the end of the string. .ASCIZ string string A delimited ASCII string. 4 .BLKx .BLKx expression expression An expression specifying the amount of storage to be allocated. All the symbols in the expression must be defined and the expression must be an absolute expression. If the expression is omitted, a default value of 1 is assumed. VAX MACRO has 10 block storage directives. The value of the expression determines the number of data items for which VAX MACRO reserves storage. Directive Reserves Storage For .BLKA addresses (longwords) .BLKB byte data .BLKD double-precision floating-point data (quadwords) .BLKF single-precision floating-point data (longwords) .BLKG G_floating data (quadwords) .BLKH H_floating data (octawords) .BLKL longword data .BLKO octaword data .BLKQ quadword data .BLKW word data 5 .BLKA Reserves storage for addresses (longwords) .BLKA expression expression An expression specifying the amount of storage to be allocated. 5 .BLKB Reserves storage for byte data .BLKB expression expression An expression specifying the amount of storage to be allocated. 5 .BLKD Reserves storage for double-precision floating-point data (quadwords). .BLKD expression expression An expression specifying the amount of storage to be allocated. 5 .BLKF Reserves storage for single-precision floating-point data (longwords). .BLKF expression expression An expression specifying the amount of storage to be allocated. 5 .BLKG Reserves storage for G_floating data (quadwords). .BLKG expression expression An expression specifying the amount of storage to be allocated. 5 .BLKH Reserves storage for H_floating data (octawords). .BLKH expression expression An expression specifying the amount of storage to be allocated. 5 .BLKL Reserves storage for longword data. .BLKL expression expression An expression specifying the amount of storage to be allocated. 5 .BLKO Reserves storage for octaword data. .BLKO expression expression An expression specifying the amount of storage to be allocated. 5 .BLKQ Reserves storage for quadword data. .BLKQ expression expression An expression specifying the amount of storage to be allocated. 5 .BLKW Reserves storage for word data. .BLKW expression expression An expression specifying the amount of storage to be allocated. 4 .BYTE Generates successive bytes of binary data in the object module. .BYTE expression-list expression-list One or more expressions separated by commas. Each expression is first evaluated as a longword expression; then the value of the expression is truncated to one byte. The value of each expression should be in the range of 0 through 255 for unsigned data or in the range of -128 through +127 for signed data. Optionally, each expression can be followed by a repetition factor delimited by square brackets. An expression followed by a repetition factor has the format: expression1[expression2] expression1 An expression that specifies the value to be stored. [expression2] An expression that specifies the number of times the value will be repeated. The expression must not contain any undefined symbols and it must be absolute. The square brackets are required. 4 .CROSS Controls which symbols are included in the cross-reference listing. .CROSS [symbol-list] (Default) .NOCROSS [symbol-list] symbol-list A list of legal symbol names separated by commas. When you specify the /CROSS_REFERENCE qualifier in the MACRO command, VAX MACRO produces a cross-reference listing. The directives have an effect only if /CROSS_REFERENCE was specified in the MACRO command. Using .NOCROSS with a symbol list disables the cross-reference listing for the listed symbols only. Using .CROSS with a symbol list enables or reenables the cross-reference listing of the listed symbols. 4 .DEBUG Specifies that the symbols in the list are made known to the VAX Symbolic Debugger. .DEBUG symbol-list symbol-list A list of legal symbols separated by commas. During an interactive debugging session, you can use these symbols to refer to memory locations or to examine the values assigned to the symbols. The assembler adds the symbols in the symbol list to the symbol table in the object module. You need not specify global symbols in the .DEBUG directive because global symbols are automatically put in the object module's symbol table. 4 .DEFAULT Determines the default displacement length for the relative and relative deferred addressing modes. .DEFAULT DISPLACEMENT, keyword keyword One of three keywords - BYTE, WORD, or LONG - indicating the default displacement length. This has no effect on the default displacement for displacement and displacement deferred addressing modes. If there is no .DEFAULT in a source module, the default displacement length for the relative and relative deferred addressing modes is a longword. 4 .D_FLOATING_(.DOUBLE) Evaluates the specified floating-point constants and stores the results in the object module. Generates 64-bit, double-precision, floating-point data (1 bit of sign, 8 bits of exponent, and 55 bits of fraction). .D_FLOATING literal-list .DOUBLE literal-list literal-list A list of floating-point constants, which cannot contain any unary or binary operators except unary plus or unary minus. Double-precision floating-point numbers are always rounded. They are not affected by .ENABLE TRUNCATION. The floating-point constants in the literal list must not be preceded by the floating-point operator (^F). 4 .DISABLE_(.DSABL) Disables the specified assembler functions as enabled by .ENABLE. .DISABLE argument-list argument-list One or more of the following: ABSOLUTE, DEBUG, GLOBAL, LOCAL_BLOCK, SUPPRESSION, TRACEBACK, or TRUNCATION. You can use either the long or the short form of the symbolic arguments. If you specify multiple arguments, separate them by commas, spaces, or tabs. 4 .ENABLE_(.ENABL) Enables the specified assembly function. .ENABLE argument-list argument-list One or more of the following: ABSOLUTE, DEBUG, GLOBAL, LOCAL_BLOCK, SUPPRESSION, TRACEBACK, or TRUNCATION. You can use either the long or the short form of the symbolic arguments. If you specify multiple arguments, separate them by commas, spaces, or tabs. ENABLE and its negative form, DISABLE, control the following assembler functions: o Creating local label blocks o Making all local symbols available to the debugger and enabling the traceback feature o Specifying that undefined symbol references are external references o Truncating or rounding single-precision floating-point numbers o Suppressing the listing of symbols that are defined but not referenced o Specifying that all the PC references are absolute, not relative 4 .END Terminates the source program. .END [symbol] symbol The address (called the transfer address) at which program execution is to begin. No additional text should occur beyond this point in the current source file or in any additional source files specified in the command line for this assembly. If any additional text does occur, the assembler ignores it. The transfer address must be in a program section that has the EXE attribute. When an executable image consisting of several object modules is linked, only one object module should be terminated by an .END directive that specifies a transfer address. All other object modules should be terminated by .END directives that do not specify a transfer address. 4 .ENDC Terminates the conditional range started by the .IF directive. .ENDC 4 .ENDM Terminates the MACRO definition. .ENDM [macro-name] macro-name The name of the macro whose definition is to be terminated. The macro name is optional; if specified, it must match the name defined in the matching .MACRO directive. The macro name should be specified so that the assembler can detect any improperly nested macro definitions. 4 .ENDR Indicates the end of a repeat range. It must be the final statement of every indefinite repeat block directive (.IRP and .IRPC) and every repeat block directive (.REPEAT). .ENDR 4 .ENTRY Defines a symbolic name for an entry point and stores a register save mask (two bytes) at that location. .ENTRY symbol,expression symbol The symbolic name for the entry point. expression The register save mask for the entry point. The expression must be an absolute expression and must not contain any undefined symbols. The symbol is defined as a global symbol with a value equal to the value of the location counter at the .ENTRY directive. You can use the entry point as the transfer address of the program. 4 .ERROR Causes the assembler to display an error message on the terminal or batch log file and in the listing file. .ERROR [expression] ;comment expression An expression whose value is displayed when .ERROR is encountered during assembly. ;comment A comment that is displayed when .ERROR is encountered during assembly. The comment must be preceded by a semicolon. 4 .EVEN Ensures that the current value of the location counter is even by adding 1 if the current value is odd. If the current value is already even, no action is taken. .EVEN 4 .EXTERNAL_(.EXTRN) Indicates that the specified symbols are external; that is, the symbols are defined in another object module and cannot be defined until link time .EXTERNAL symbol-list symbol-list A list of legal symbols, separated by commas. If the GLOBAL argument is enabled, all unresolved references will be marked as global and external. If GLOBAL is enabled, you need not specify .EXTERNAL. If GLOBAL is disabled, you must explicitly specify .EXTERNAL to declare any symbols that are defined externally but are referred to in the current module. 4 .F_FLOATING_(.FLOAT) Evaluates the specified floating-point constants and stores the results in the object module. .F_FLOATING generates 32-bit, single-precision, floating-point data (1 bit of sign, 8 bits of exponent, and 23 bits of fractional significance). .F_FLOATING literal-list .FLOAT literal-list literal-list A list of floating-point constants. The constants cannot contain any unary or binary operators except unary plus and unary minus. The floating-point constants in the literal list must not be preceded by the floating-point unary operator (^F). 4 .G_FLOATING Evaluates the specified floating-point constants and stores the results in the object module. .G_FLOATING generates 64-bit data (1 bit of sign, 11 bits of exponent, and 52 bits of fraction). .G_FLOATING literal-list literal-list A list of floating-point constants. The constants cannot contain any unary or binary operators except unary plus or unary minus. G_floating-point numbers are always rounded. They are not affected by the .ENABLE TRUNCATION directive. The floating-point constants in the literal list must not be preceded by the floating-point operator (^F). 4 .GLOBAL_(.GLOBL) Indicates that specified symbol names are either globally defined in the current module or externally defined in another module. .GLOBAL symbol-list symbol-list A list of legal symbol names, separated by commas. 4 .H_FLOATING Evaluates the specified floating-point constants and stores the results in the object module. .H_FLOATING generates 128-bit data (1 bit of sign, 15 bits of exponent, and 112 bits of fraction). .H_FLOATING literal-list literal-list A list of floating-point constants. The constants cannot contain any unary or binary operators except unary plus or unary minus. H_floating-point numbers are always rounded. They are not affected by the .ENABLE TRUNCATION directive. The floating-point constants in the literal list must not be preceded by the floating-point operator (^F). 4 .IDENT Provides a means of identifying the object module. This identification is in addition to the name assigned to the object module with .TITLE. A character string can be specified in .IDENT to label the object module. This string is printed in the header of the listing file and also appears in the object module. .IDENT string string A 1- to 31-character string that identifies the module, such as a string that specifies a version number. If a source module contains more than one .IDENT, the last directive given establishes the character string that forms part of the object module identification. 4 .IF A conditional assembly block is a series of source statements that is assembled only if a certain condition is met. .IF starts the conditional block and .ENDC ends the conditional block. .IF condition argument(s) ... range ... .ENDC condition A specified condition that must be met if the block is to be included in the assembly. The condition must be separated from the argument by a comma, space, or tab. argument(s) One or more symbolic arguments or expressions of the specified conditional test. If the argument is an expression, it cannot contain any undefined symbols and must be an absolute expression. range The block of source code that is conditionally included in the assembly. Each .IF must have a corresponding .ENDC. The .IF directive contains a condition test and one or two arguments. The condition test specified is applied to the argument(s). If the test is met, all VAX MACRO statements between .IF and .ENDC are assembled. If the test is not met, the statements are not assembled. An exception to this rule occurs when you use subconditional directives. VAX MACRO permits a nesting depth of 31 conditional assembly levels. 4 .IF_FALSE_(.IFF) Starts a subconditional assembly block to be assembled if the condition test specified when the conditional assembly block was entered was false. The subconditional assembly block that starts with .IF_FALSE continues up to the next subconditional assembly directive or to the end of the conditional assembly block. .IF_FALSE The alternate form of .IF_FALSE is .IFF. 4 .IF_TRUE_(.IFT) Starts a subconditional assembly block to be assembled if the condition test specified when the conditional assembly block was entered was true. The subconditional assembly block that starts with .IF_TRUE continues up to the next subconditional assembly directive or to the end of the conditional assembly block. .IF_TRUE The alternate form of .IF_TRUE is .IFT. 4 .IF_TRUE_FALSE_(.IFTF) Starts a subconditional assembly block to be assembled regardless of whether the condition test specified when the conditional assembly block was entered was true or false. The subconditional assembly block that starts with .IF_TRUE_FALSE continues up to the next subconditional assembly directive or to the end of the conditional assembly block. .IF_TRUE_FALSE The alternate form of .IF_TRUE_FALSE is .IFTF. 4 .IIF Provides a means of writing a one-line conditional assembly block. .IIF condition [,]argument(s), statement condition One of the legal condition tests defined for conditional assembly blocks. The condition must be separated from the arguments by a comma, space, or tab. If the first argument can be a blank, the condition must be separated from the arguments with a comma. argument(s) An expression or symbolic argument associated with the immediate conditional assembly block directive. statement The statement to be assembled if the condition is satisfied. The condition to be tested and the conditional assembly block are expressed completely within the line containing the directive. No terminating .ENDC statement is required. 4 .IRP Replaces a formal argument with successive actual arguments specified in an argument list. .IRP symbol,<argument list> ... range ... .ENDR symbol A formal argument that is successively replaced with the specified actual arguments enclosed in angle brackets. If no formal argument is specified, the assembler displays an error message. <argument list> A list of actual arguments enclosed in angle brackets and used in expanding the indefinite repeat range. An actual argument can consist of one or more characters. Multiple arguments must be separated by a legal separator (comma, space, or tab). If no actual arguments are specified, no action is taken. range The block of source text to be repeated once for each occurrence of an actual argument in the list. The range can contain macro definitions and repeat ranges. .MEXIT is legal within the range. This replacement process occurs during the expansion of the indefinite repeat block range. 4 .IRPC Similar to .IRP except that .IRPC permits single-character substitution rather than argument substitution. .IRPC symbol, <string> ... range ... .ENDR symbol A formal argument that is successively replaced with the specified characters enclosed in angle brackets. If no formal argument is specified, the assembler displays an error message. <string> A sequence of characters enclosed in angle brackets and used in the expansion of the indefinite repeat range. Although the angle brackets are required only when the string contains separating characters, their use is recommended for legibility. range The block of source text to be repeated once for each occurrence of a character in the list. The range can contain macro definitions and repeat ranges. On each iteration of the indefinite repeat range, the formal argument is replaced with each successive character in the specified string. The .ENDR directive specifies the end of the range. 4 .LIBRARY Adds a name to the macro library list that is searched whenever a .MCALL or an undefined opcode is encountered. .LIBRARY macro-library-name macro-library-name A delimited string that is the file specification of a macro library. The libraries are searched in the reverse order in which they were specified to the assembler. If you omit any information from the macro-library-name argument, default values are assumed. 4 .LINK Allows you to include Linker option records in an object module produced by VAX MACRO. The qualifiers for the .LINK directive perform functions similar to the functions performed by the same qualifiers for the DCL command LINK. .LINK "file-spec" [/qualifier[=(module-name[,...])],...] file-spec[,...] A delimited string that specifies one or more input files. The input files can be object modules to be linked, or shareable images to be included in the output image. Input files can also be libraries containing external references or specific modules for inclusion in the output image. The Linker will search the libraries for the external references. If you specify multiple input files, separate the file specifications with commas (,). If you do not specify a file type in an input file specification, the Linker supplies default file types, based on the nature of the file. All object modules are assumed to have file types of OBJ. /INCLUDE=(module-name[,...]) Indicates that the associated input file is an object library or shareable image library, and that only the module names specified are to be unconditionally included as input to the Linker. At least one module name must be specified. If you specify more than one module name, separate the names with commas and enclose the list in parentheses. /LIBRARY Indicates that the associated input file is a library to be searched for modules to resolve any undefined symbols in the input files. /SELECTIVE_SEARCH Directs the Linker to add to its symbol table only those global symbols that are defined in the specified file and are currently unresolved. If /SELECTIVE_SEARCH is not specified, the Linker includes all symbols from that file in its global symbol table. /SHAREABLE Requests that the Linker include a shareable image file. No wildcard characters are allowed in the file specification. 4 .LONG Generates successive longwords (four bytes) of data in the object module. .LONG expression1[expression2], ... expression1 An expression that specifies the value to be stored. [expression2] An expression that specifies the number of times the value is repeated. The square brackets are required. Each expression in the list must have a value that can be represented in 32 bits. 4 .MACRO Begins the definition of a macro. .MACRO macro-name [formal-argument-list] ... range ... .ENDM [macro name] macro-name The name of the macro to be defined; this name can be any legal symbol up to 31 characters long. formal-argument-list The symbols, separated by commas, to be replaced by the actual arguments in the macro call. range The source text to be included in the macro expansion. If the name specified is the same as the name of a previously defined macro, the previous definition is deleted and replaced with the new one. The .MACRO directive is followed by the source text to be included in the macro expansion. The .ENDM directive specifies the end of the range. If a macro has the same name as a VAX opcode, the macro is used instead of the instruction. This feature allows you to temporarily redefine an opcode. If a macro has the same name as a VAX opcode and is in a macro library, you must use the .MCALL directive to define the macro. Otherwise, because the symbol is already defined (as the opcode), the assembler will not search the macro libraries. 4 .MASK Reserves a word for a register save mask for a transfer vector. .MASK symbol[,expression] symbol A symbol defined in an .ENTRY directive. expression A register save mask. If .MASK does not contain an expression, the assembler directs the Linker to copy the register save mask specified in .ENTRY to the word reserved by .MASK. If .MASK contains an expression, the assembler directs the Linker to combine this expression with the register save mask specified in .ENTRY and store the result in the word reserved by .MASK. The Linker performs an inclusive OR operation to combine the mask in the entry point and the value of the expression. Consequently, a register specified in either .ENTRY or .MASK will be included in the combined mask. 4 .MCALL Specifies the names of the system and/or user-defined macros that are required to assemble the source program but are not defined in the source file. .MCALL macro-name-list macro-name-list A list of macros to be defined for this assembly. Separate the macro names with commas. You must use .MCALL when a macro has the same name as an opcode. 4 .MDELETE Deletes the definitions of specified macros. .MDELETE macro-name-list macro-name-list A list of macros whose definitions are to be deleted. Separate the names with commas. .MDELETE completely deletes the macro, freeing memory as necessary. Macro redefinition with .MACRO merely redefines the macro. 4 .MEXIT Terminates a macro expansion before the end of the macro. .MEXIT Termination is the same as if .ENDM were encountered. .MEXIT is useful in conditional expansion of macros because it bypasses the complexities of nested conditional directives and alternate assembly paths. 4 .NARG Counts all the positional arguments specified in the macro call, including null arguments (specified by adjacent commas). .NARG symbol symbol A symbol that is assigned a value equal to the number of arguments in the macro call. 4 .NCHR Determines the number of characters in a specified character string. .NCHR symbol,<string> symbol A symbol that is assigned a value equal to the number of characters in the specified character string. <string> A sequence of printable characters. Delimit the character string with angle brackets (or a character preceded by a circumflex) only if the specified character string contains a legal separator (comma, space, and/or tab) or a semicolon. It can appear anywhere in a VAX MACRO program and is useful in calculating the length of macro arguments. 4 .NOCROSS Controls which symbols are included in the cross-reference listing. .CROSS [symbol-list] (Default) .NOCROSS [symbol-list] symbol-list A list of legal symbol names separated by commas. When you specify the /CROSS_REFERENCE qualifier in the MACRO command, VAX MACRO produces a cross-reference listing. The directives have an effect only if /CROSS_REFERENCE was specified in the MACRO command. Using .NOCROSS with a symbol list disables the cross-reference listing for the listed symbols only. Using .CROSS with a symbol list enables or reenables the cross-reference listing of the listed symbols. 4 .NTYPE Determines the addressing mode of the specified operand. .NTYPE symbol,operand symbol Any legal VAX MACRO symbol. This symbol is assigned a value equal to the 8- or 16-bit addressing mode of the operand argument that follows. operand Any legal address expression, as you use it with an opcode. If no argument is specified, 0 is assumed. The value of the symbol is set to the specified addressing mode. In most cases, an 8-bit (1-byte) value is returned. Bits 0 through 3 specify the register associated with the mode, and bits 4 through 7 specify the addressing mode. Literal mode is indicated by a 0 in bits 4 through 7, instead of the values 0 through 3. Mode 1 indicates an immediate mode operand, mode 2 indicates an absolute mode operand, and mode 3 indicates a general mode operand. For indexed addressing mode, a 16-bit (2-byte) value is returned. The high-order byte contains the addressing mode of the base operand specifier and the low-order byte contains the addressing mode of the primary operand (the index register). 4 .OCTA Generates 128 bits (16 bytes) of binary data. .OCTA literal .OCTA symbol literal Any constant value. This value can be preceded by ^O, ^B, ^X, or ^D to specify the radix as octal, binary, hexadecimal, or decimal, respectively; or it can be preceded by ^A to specify ASCII text. Decimal is the default radix. symbol A symbol defined elsewhere in the program. This symbol results in a sign-extended, 32-bit value being stored in an octaword. It does not evaluate expressions and that it accepts only one value. 4 .ODD Ensures that the current value of the location counter is odd by adding 1 if the current value is even. If the current value is already odd, no action is taken. .ODD 4 .OPDEF Defines an opcode, which is inserted into a user-defined opcode table. .OPDEF opcode value,operand-descriptor-list opcode An ASCII string specifying the name of the opcode. The string can be up to 31 characters long and can contain the letters A through Z, the digits 0 through 9, and the special characters underline, (_), dollar sign ($), and period (.). The string should not start with a digit and should not be surrounded by delimiters. value An expression that specifies the value of the opcode. The expression must be absolute and must not contain any undefined values. The value of the expression must be in the range of 0 through decimal 65,535 (hexadecimal FFFF), but you cannot use the values 252 through 255 because the architecture specifies these as the start of a 2-byte opcode. The expression is represented as follows: if 0 < expression < 251 expression is a 1-byte opcode. if expression > 255 expression bits 7:0 are the first byte of the opcode and expression bits 15:8 are the second byte of the opcode. operand-descriptor-list A list of operand descriptors that specifies the number of operands and the type of each. Up to 16 operand descriptors are allowed in the list. 4 .PACKED Generates packed decimal data, two digits per byte. .PACKED decimal-string[,symbol] decimal-string A decimal number from 0 through 31 digits long with an optional sign. Digits can be in the range of 0 through 9. symbol An optional symbol that is assigned a value equivalent to the number of decimal digits in the string. The sign is not counted as a digit. 4 .PAGE Forces a new page in the listing. .PAGE VAX MACRO ignores .PAGE in a macro definition. The paging operation is performed only during macro expansion. 4 .PRINT Causes the assembler to display an informational message. .PRINT [expression] ;comment expression An expression whose value is displayed when .PRINT is encountered during assembly. ;comment A comment that is displayed when .PRINT is encountered during assembly. The comment must be preceded by a semicolon. If .PRINT is included in a macro library, end the comment with an additional semicolon. If you omit the semicolon, the comment will be stripped from the directive and will not be displayed when the macro is called. 4 .PSECT Defines a program section and its attributes and refers to a program section once it is defined. .PSECT [program-section-name[,argument-list]] program-section-name The name of the program section. This name can be up to 31 characters long and can contain any alphanumeric character and the special characters underline (_), dollar sign ($), and period (.). The first character must not be a digit. argument-list A list containing the program section attributes and the program section alignment. Program sections are aligned when you specify an integer in the range of 0 through 9 or one of the five keywords; byte, word, long, quad, or page. If you specify an integer, the program section is linked to begin at the next virtual address, which is a multiple of 2 raised to the power of the integer. If you specify a keyword, the program section is linked to begin at the next virtual address (a multiple of the specified values.) BYTE is the default. Program Section Attributes: Attribute Function ABS Absolute CON Concatenate (Default) EXE Executable (Default) GBL Global LCL Local (Default) LIB Library Segment NOEXE Not Executable NOPIC Non-Position-Independent Content (Default) NORD Nonreadable NOSHR No Share (Default) NOVEC Nonvector-Containing (Default) NOWRT Nonwriteable OVR Overlay PIC Position-Independent Content RD Readable (Default) REL Relocatable (Default) SHR Share USR User Segment VEC Vector-Containing WRT Write (Default) The assembler automatically defines two program sections: the absolute program section and the unnamed (or blank) program section. Any symbol definitions that appear before any instruction, data, or .PSECT directive are placed in the absolute program section. 4 .QUAD Generates 64 bits (eight bytes) of binary data. .QUAD literal .QUAD symbol literal Any constant value. This value can be preceded by ^O, ^B, ^X, or ^D to specify the radix as octal, binary, hexadecimal, or decimal, respectively; or it can be preceded by ^A to specify the ASCII text operator. Decimal is the default radix. symbol A symbol defined elsewhere in the program. This symbol results in a sign-extended, 32-bit value being stored in a quadword. It does not evaluate expressions and that it accepts only one value. It does not accept a list. .REFn Operand generation directives that you can use in macros to define new opcodes. .REF1 byte operand .REF2 word operand .REF4 longword operand .REF8 quadword operand .REF16 octaword context The .REFn directives are provided for compatibility with VAX MACRO V1.0. 4 .REPEAT_(.REPT) Repeats a block of code a specified number of times, in line with other source code. The .ENDR directive specifies the end of the range. .REPEAT expression ... range ... .ENDR expression An expression whose value controls the number of times the range is to be assembled within the program. When the expression is less than or equal to 0, the repeat block is not assembled. The expression must be absolute and must not contain any undefined symbols. range The source text to be repeated the number of times specified by the value of the expression. The repeat block can contain macro definitions, indefinite repeat blocks, or other repeat blocks. 4 .RESTORE_PSECT_(.RESTORE) Retrieves the program section from the top of the program section context stack, an internal stack in the assembler. .RESTORE_PSECT When .RESTORE_PSECT retrieves a program section, it restores the current location counter to the value it had when the program section was saved. The local label block is also restored if it was saved when the program section was saved. The alternate form of .RESTORE_PSECT is .RESTORE. 4 .SAVE_PSECT_(.SAVE) Stores the current program section context on the top of the program section context stack, an internal assembler stack. .SAVE_PSECT [LOCAL_BLOCK] LOCAL_BLOCK An optional keyword that specifies that the current local label is to be saved with the program section context. It leaves the current program section context in effect. The program section context stack can hold 31 entries. Each entry includes the value of the current location counter and the maximum value assigned to the location counter in the current program section. The alternate form of .SAVE_PSECT is .SAVE. 4 .SHOW_.NOSHOW Specify listing control options in the source text of a program. .SHOW [argument-list] .NOSHOW [argument-list] argument-list One or more of the optional symbolic arguments; BINARY, CALLS, CONDITIONALS, DEFINITIONS, and EXPANSIONS. You can use either the long form or the short form of the arguments. You can use each argument alone or in combination with other arguments, but you must separate them by commas, tabs, or spaces. You can use .SHOW and .NOSHOW with or without an argument list. 4 .SIGNED_BYTE Equivalent to .BYTE, except that VAX MACRO indicates that the data is signed in the object module. .SIGNED_BYTE expression1[expression2], ... An expression or list of expressions separated by commas. You have the option of following each expression with a repetition factor delimited by square brackets. expression1 An expression that specifies the value to be stored. The value must be in the range -128 through +127. [expression2] An expression that specifies the number of times the value will be repeated. The expression must not contain any undefined symbols and must be an absolute expression. The square brackets are required. .SIGNED_WORD Equivalent to .WORD except that the assembler indicates that the data is signed in the object module. .SIGNED_WORD expression1[expression2], ... An expression or list of expressions separated by commas. You have the option of following each expression with a repetition factor delimited by square brackets. expression1 An expression that specifies the value to be stored. The value must be in the range -32,768 through +32,767. [expression2] An expression that specifies the number of times the value will be repeated. The expression must not contain any undefined symbols and must be an absolute expression. The square brackets are required. .SUBTITLE_(.SBTTL) Causes the assembler to print the line of text, represented by the comment-string, in the table of contents. .SUBTITLE comment-string comment-string An ASCII string from 1 to 40 characters long; excess characters are truncated. The assembler also prints the line of text as the subtitle on the second line of each assembly listing page. This subtitle text is printed on each page until altered by a subsequent .SUBTITLE directive in the program. The alternate form of .SUBTITLE is .SBTTL. 4 .TITLE Assigns a name to the object module. .TITLE module-name comment-string module-name An identifier from 1 to 31 characters long. comment-string An ASCII string from 1 to 40 characters long; excess characters are truncated. The module name specified with .TITLE bears no relationship to the file specification of the object module, as specified in the VAX MACRO command line. The object module name appears in the Linker load map, and is also the module name that the debugger and librarian recognize. There are three display message directives, .ERROR, .PRINT, and .WARN. They can be used to display information indicating that a macro call contains an error or illegal set of conditions. 4 .TRANSFER Redefines a global symbol for use in a shareable image. .TRANSFER symbol symbol A global symbol that is an entry point in a procedure or routine. The Linker redefines the symbol as the value of the location counter at the .TRANSFER directive after a shareable image is linked. 4 .WARN Causes the assembler to display a warning message on the terminal or in the batch log file, and in the listing file. .WARN [expression] ;comment expression An expression whose value is displayed when .WARN is encountered during assembly. ;comment A comment that is displayed when .WARN is encountered during assembly. The comment must be preceded by a semicolon. If .WARN is included in a macro library, end the comment with an additional semicolon. If you omit the semicolon, the comment will be stripped from the directive and will not be displayed when the macro is called. 4 .WEAK Specifies symbols that are either defined externally in another module or defined globally in the current module. .WEAK symbol-list symbol-list A list of legal symbols separated by commas. When .WEAK specifies a symbol that is not defined in the current module, the symbol is externally defined. If the Linker finds the symbol's definition in another module, it uses that definition. If the Linker does not find an external definition, the symbol has a value of 0 and the Linker does not report an error. The Linker does not search a library for the symbol, but if a module brought in from a library for another reason contains the symbol definition, the Linker uses it. When .WEAK specifies a symbol that is defined in the current module, the symbol is considered to be globally defined. However, if this module is inserted in an object library, this symbol is not inserted in the library's symbol table. Consequently, searching the library at link time to resolve this symbol does not cause the module to be included. 4 .WORD Generates successive words (two bytes) of data in the object module. .WORD expression1[expression2], ... One or more expressions separated by commas. You have the option of following each expression by a repetition factor delimited with square brackets. expression1 An expression that specifies the value to be stored. [expression2] An expression that specifies the number of times the value will be repeated. The expression must not contain any undefined symbols and must be an absolute expression. The square brackets are required. 3 Instructions 4 ACBx Purpose: Add compare and branch - maintain loop count and loop Format: opcode limit.rx,add.rx,index.rx,displ.bw Operation: index = index + add; if {{add GEQ 0} AND {index LEQ limit}} OR {{add LSS 0} AND {index GEQ limit}} then PC = PC + SEXT (displ) C. Codes: N = {index LSS 0}, Z = {index EQL 0}, C = C, V = {integer or floating overflow} Exceptions: Integer or floating overflow, floating underflow, reserved operand Opcodes: 9D ACBB Add compare and branch byte 3D ACBW Add compare and branch word F1 ACBL Add compare and branch long 4F ACBF Add compare and branch F_floating 6F ACBD Add compare and branch D_floating 4FFD ACBG Add compare and branch G_floating 6FFD ACBH Add compare and branch H_floating Description: add is added to index and index is replaced by the result. index is compared with limit. If add is greater than or equal to zero and the comparison is less than or equal to zero or if add is less than zero and the comparison is greater than or equal, the branch is taken. The condition codes are unpredictable on a reserved operand fault. 4 ADAWI Purpose: Add aligned word interlocked - maintain operating system resource usage counts Format: opcode add.rw,sum.mw Operation: tmp = add; {set interlock}; sum = sum + tmp; {release interlock} C. Codes: N = {sum LSS 0}, Z = {sum EQL 0}, V = {integer overflow}, C = {carry from MSB} Exceptions: Reserved operand fault, integer overflow Opcode: 58 ADAWI Add aligned word interlocked Description: The add operand is added to sum and sum is replaced by the result. The operation is interlocked against ADAWI operations by other processors or devices in the system. The destination must be aligned on a word boundary, i.e. bit zero of sum's address must be zero. A reserved operand fault is taken if it is not. 4 ADDxx Purpose: Perform arithmetic addition Format: opcode add.rx,sum.mx ;2 operand opcode add1.rx,add2.rx,sum.wx ;3 operand Operation: sum = sum + add ;2 operand sum = add1 + add2 ;3 operand C. Codes: N = {sum LSS 0}, Z = {sum EQL 0}, V = {overflow}, C = 0 (floating), C = {carry from MSB} (integer) Exceptions: Integer or floating overflow, floating underflow, reserved operand Opcodes: 80 ADDB2 Add byte 2 operand 81 ADDB3 Add byte 3 operand A0 ADDW2 Add word 2 operand A1 ADDW3 Add word 3 operand C0 ADDL2 Add long 2 operand C1 ADDL3 Add long 3 operand 40 ADDF2 Add F_floating 2 operand 41 ADDF3 Add F_floating 3 operand 60 ADDD2 Add D_floating 2 operand 61 ADDD3 Add D_floating 3 operand 40FD ADDG2 Add G_floating 2 operand 41FD ADDG3 Add G_floating 3 operand 60FD ADDH2 Add H_floating 2 operand 61FD ADDH3 Add H_floating 3 operand 4 ADDPx Purpose: Add one packed decimal string to another Format: opcode addlen.rw,addaddr.ab, sumlen.rw, sumaddr.ab ;4 operand opcode add1len.rw,add1addr.ab,add2len.rw, add2addr.ab,sumlen.rw,sumaddr.ab ;6 operand Operation: {sum string} = {sum string} + {add string} ;4 operand {sum string} = {add1 string} + {add2 string} ;6 operand C. Codes: N = {{sum string} LSS 0}, Z = {{sum string} EQL 0}, V = {decimal overflow}, C = 0 Exceptions: Reserved operand, decimal overflow Opcodes: 80 ADDP4 Add packed 4 operand 81 ADDP6 Add packed 6 operand Description: In 4 operand format, the addend string as specified by addlen and addaddr is added to the sum string specified by sumlen and sumaddr, and sum is replaced by the result. In 6 operand format, the addend 1 string specified by add1len and add1addr is added to the addend 2 string specified by add2len and add2addr, and the sum string is replaced by the result. Notes: After execution of ADDP4: R0 = 0 R1 = address of the byte containing the most-significant digit of the addend string R2 = 0 R3 = address of the byte containing the most-significant digit of the sum string After execution of ADDP6: R0 = 0 R1 = address of the byte containing the most-significant digit of the addend 1 string R2 = 0 R3 = address of the byte containing the most-significant digit of the addend 2 string R4 = 0 R5 = address of the byte containing the most-significant digit of the sum string 4 ADWC Purpose: Add with carry - perform extended-precision addition Format: opcode add.rl,sum.ml Operation: sum = sum + add + C C. Codes: N = {sum LSS 0}, Z = {sum EQL 0}, V = {integer overflow}, C = {carry from MSB} Exceptions: Integer overflow Opcode: D8 ADWC Add with carry 4 AOBLxx Purpose: Add one and branch - increment integer loop count and loop Format: opcode limit.rl,index.ml,displ.bb Operation: index = index + 1; if {{AOBLSS} and {index LSS limit}} or {{AOBLEQ} and {index LEQ limit}} then PC = PC + SEXT (displ) C. Codes: N = {index LSS 0}, Z = {index EQL 0}, V = {integer overflow}, C = C Exceptions: Integer overflow Opcodes: F2 AOBLSS Add one, branch less than F3 AOBLEQ Add one, branch less or equal 4 ASHx Purpose: Shift of integer Format: opcode cnt.rb,src.rx,dst.wx Operation: dst = src shifted cnt bits C. Codes: N = {dst LSS 0}, Z = {dst EQL 0}, V = {integer overflow}, C = 0 Exceptions: Integer overflow Opcodes: 78 ASHL Arithmetic shift long 79 ASHQ Arithmetic shift quad Description: src is arithmetically shifted by the number of bits specified by cnt and the result is placed in dst. Positive cnt shifts left bringing 0's into the LSB. Negative cnt shifts right bringing copies of the MSB into the MSB. Zero cnt copies dst to src unaffected. ASHP Purpose: Arithmetic shift and round packed - scale numeric content of a packed decimal string by a power of ten Format: opcode cnt.rb,srclen.rw,srcaddr.ab,round.rb, dstlen.rw,dstaddr.ab Operation: {dst string} = {{src string} + {round <3:0>* (10**(-cnt-1))}} * (10**cnt); C. Codes: N = {{dst string} LSS 0}, Z = {{dst string} EQL 0}, V = {decimal overflow}, C = 0 Exceptions: Reserved operand, decimal overflow Opcodes: F8 ASHP Arithmetic shift packed Description: src as specified by srclen and srcaddr is scaled by a power of 10 specified by cnt. dst is replaced by the result. A positive cnt effectively multiplies, a negative cnt effectively divides and a zero cnt just moves src to dst while affecting the condition codes. If cnt is negative the result is rounded using round. Notes: After execution: R0 = 0 R1 = address of the byte containing the most-significant digit of the source string R2 = 0 R3 = address of the byte containing the most-significant digit of the destination string 4 Bxxxx Purpose: Branch - test condition code(s) Format: opcode displ.bb Operation: if {condition} then PC = {PC + SEXT (displ)} C. Codes: Not affected Exceptions: None Opcodes: 12 {Z EQL 0} BNEQ Branch not equal (s) BNEQU Branch not equal (u) 13 {Z EQL 1} BEQL Branch equal (s) BEQLU Branch equal (u) 14 {(N OR Z) EQL 0} BGTR Branch greater than (s) 15 {(N OR Z) EQL 1} BLEQ Branch less or equal (s) 18 {N EQL 0} BGEQ Branch greater, equal (s) 19 {N EQL 1} BLSS Branch less than (s) 1A {(C OR Z) EQL 0} BGTRU Branch greater than (u) 1B {(C OR Z) EQL 1} BLEQU Branch less or equal (u) 1C {V EQL 0} BVC Branch overflow clear 1D {V EQL 1} BVS Branch overflow set 1E {C EQL 0} BGEQU Branch greater, equal (u) BCC Branch carry clear 1F {C EQL 1} BLSSU Branch less than (u) BCS Branch carry set legend: s - signed, u - unsigned Description: The condition codes are tested and if the condition indicated by the instruction is met, the sign extended branch displacement is added to the PC. 4 BBx Purpose: Branch on bit - test selected bit Format: opcode pos.rl,base.ab,displ.bb Operation: teststate = {if {BBS} then 1 else 0}; if {FIELD (pos, 1, base) EQL teststate} then PC = {PC + SEXT (displ)} C. Codes: Unaffected Exceptions: Reserved operand Opcodes: E0 BBS Branch on bit set E1 BBC Branch on bit clear Description: The single bit field specified by pos and base is tested. If it is in the test state indicated by the instruction, the sign extended branch displacement is added to PC and the result is placed in PC. 4 BBxx Purpose: Branch on bit - test and modify selected bit Format: opcode pos.rl,base.ab,displ.bb Operation: teststate = if {BBSS or BBSC} then 1 else 0; newstate = if {BBSS or BBCS} then 1 else 0; temp = FIELD (pos, 1, base); FIELD (pos, 1, base) = newstate; if temp EQL teststate then PC = {PC + SEXT (displ)} C. Codes: Unaffected Exceptions: Reserved operand Opcodes: E2 BBSS Branch on bit set and set E3 BBCS Branch on bit clear and set E4 BBSC Branch on bit set and clear E5 BBCC Branch on bit clear and clear Description: The single bit field specified by pos and base is tested. If it is in the test state indicated by the instruction, the sign extended branch displacement is added to PC and placed in PC. Regardless of whether the branch is taken or not, the tested bit is put in the new state as indicated by the instruction. 4 BBxxI Purpose: Branch on bit interlocked - test and modify selected bit under memory interlock. Format: opcode pos.rl,base.ab,displ.bb Operation: teststate = if {BBSSI} then 1 else 0; newstate = teststate; {set interlock}; temp = FIELD (pos, 1, base); FIELD (pos, 1, base) = newstate; {release interlock}; if temp EQL teststate then PC = {PC + SEXT(displ)} C. Codes: Not affected Exceptions: Reserved operand Opcodes: E6 BBSSI Branch bit set, set interlocked E7 BBCCI Branch bit clear, clear interlocked Description: The single bit field specified by pos and base is tested. If it is in the state indicated by the instruction, the sign extended branch displacement displ is added to PC. The bit is set to the state indicated by the instruction. The operation is interlocked against other processors or devices in the system. 4 BICxx Purpose: Bit clear - perform complemented AND of two integers Format: opcode mask.rx,dst.mx ;2 operand opcode mask.rx,src.rx,dst.rx ;3 operand Operation: dst = dst AND {NOT mask} ;2 operand dst = src AND {NOT mask} ;3 operand C. Codes: N = {dst LSS 0}, Z = {dst EQL 0}, V = 0, C = C Exceptions: None Opcodes: 8A BICB2 Bit clear byte, 2 operand 8B BICB3 Bit clear byte, 3 operand AA BICW2 Bit clear word, 2 operand AB BICW3 Bit clear word, 3 operand CA BICL2 Bit clear long, 2 operand CB BICL3 Bit clear long, 3 operand Description: In 2 operand format, dst is ANDed with the ones complement of mask and dst is replaced by the result. In 3 operand format, src is ANDed with the ones complement of mask and dst is replaced by the result. 4 BICPSW Purpose: Bit clear PSW - clear trap enables Format: opcode mask.rw Operation: PSW = {PSW AND {NOT mask}} C. Codes: N = N AND {NOT mask<3>}; Z = Z AND {NOT mask<2>} V = V AND {NOT mask<1>}; C = C AND {NOT mask<0>} Exceptions: Reserved operand Opcode: B8 BICPSW Bit clear PSW Description: The PSW is ANDed with the complement of mask and PSW is replaced by the result. 4 BISxx Purpose: Bit set - perform logical inclusive OR of two integers Format: opcode mask.rx,dst.mx ;2 operand opcode mask.rx,src.rx,dst.rx ;3 operand Operation: dst = dst OR mask ;2 operand dst = src OR mask ;3 operand C. Codes: N = {dst LSS 0}, Z = {dst EQL 0}, V = 0, C = C Exceptions: None Opcodes: 88 BISB2 Bit set byte, 2 operand 89 BISB3 Bit set byte, 3 operand A8 BISW2 Bit set word, 2 operand A9 BISW3 Bit set word, 3 operand C8 BISL2 Bit set long, 2 operand C9 BISL3 Bit set long, 3 operand Description: In 2 operand format, dst is ORed with mask and dst is replaced by the result. In 3 operand format, src is ORed with mask and dst is replaced by the result. 4 BISPSW Purpose: Bit set PSW - set trap enables Format: opcode mask.rw Operation: PSW = PSW OR mask C. Codes: N = N OR mask<3>; Z = Z OR mask<2> V = V OR mask<1>; C = C OR mask<0> Exceptions: Reserved operand Opcode: B8 BISPSW Bit set PSW Description: The PSW is ORed with mask and PSW is replaced by the result. 4 BITx Purpose: Test a set of bits for all zero Format: opcode mask.rx,src.rx Operation: tmp = {src AND mask} C. Codes: N = {tmp LSS 0}, Z = {tmp EQL 0}, V = 0, C = C Exceptions: None Opcodes: 93 BITB Bit test byte B3 BITW Bit test word D3 BITL Bit test long Description: mask is ANDed with src. Both operands are unaffected. The only action is to affect the condition codes. 4 BLBx Purpose: Branch on low bit - test bit Format: opcode src.rl,displ.bb Operation: teststate = if {BLBS} then 1 else 0; if src<0> EQL teststate then PC = {PC + SEXT (displ)} C. Codes: Not affected Exceptions: None Opcodes: E8 BLBS Branch on low bit set E9 BLBC Branch on low bit clear Description: The LSB of src is tested and if it is equal to the test state indicated by the instruction, the branch is taken. 4 BPT Purpose: Breakpoint trap - stop for debugging Format: opcode Operation: PSL<TP> = 0; {breakpoint fault} C. Codes: N = 0, Z = 0, V = 0, C = 0 Exceptions: None Opcode: 03 BPT Breakpoint fault Description: This instruction is used, together with the T-bit, to implement debugging facilities. 4 BRx Purpose: Transfer control (branch) Format: opcode displ.bx Operation: PC = PC + SEXT (displ) C. Codes: Not affected Exceptions: None Opcodes: 11 BRB Branch with byte displacement 31 BRW Branch with word displacement 4 BSBx Purpose: Branch to subroutine - transfer control to subroutine Format: opcode displ.bx Operation: -(SP) = PC; PC = {PC + SEXT (displ)} C. Codes: Not affected Exceptions: None Opcodes: 10 BSBB Branch to sub., byte displ. 30 BSBW Branch to sub., word displ. Description: PC is pushed onto the stack as a longword and the branch is taken. 4 BUGx Purpose: bugcheck Operation: {fault to report error} C. Codes: not affected Exceptions: Reserved instruction Opcodes: FEFF BUGW Bugcheck with word message identifier FDFF BUGL Bugcheck with longword message id Description: The hardware treats these opcodes as RESERVED to Digital and faults. The VAX/VMS operating system treats these as requests to report software-detected errors. The in-line message identifier is zero extended to a longword and interpreted as a condition value. If the process is privileged to report bugs, a log entry is made. If the process is not privileged, a reserved instruction is signalled. 4 CALLG Purpose: Call with general argument list - invoke a procedure with actual arguments from anywhere in memory Format: opcode arglist.ab,dst.ab Operation: {align stack}; {create stack frame}; {set arithmetic trap enables}; {set new values of AP, FP, PC} C. Codes: N = 0, Z = 0, V = 0, C = 0 Exceptions: Reserved operand Opcode: FA CALLG Call proc., general arglist Description: SP is saved in a temporary (tmp) and then bits 1:0 of SP are cleared so the stack is longword aligned. The procedure entry mask (pointed to by dst) is scanned from bit 11 to bit 0 and the contents of the registers whose numbers correspond to set bits in the mask are pushed on the stack as longwords. Next AP, FP and the current PC are pushed onto the stack as longwords. The condition codes are cleared. A longword containing the saved two low bits of SP in bits 31:30 (tmp), 0 in bits 29:28, the low 12 bits of the entry mask in bits 27:16 and the PSW in bits 15:0 with T cleared is pushed on the stack. A longword 0 is pushed on the stack (for the condition handler). FP is replaced by SP, AP is replaced by arglist. The trap enables in PSW are set to a known state. Integer and decimal overflow are set according to bits 14 and 15 of the entry mask respectively. The floating underflow bit is cleared and the T-bit is unaffected. PC is replaced by dst + 2, skipping the entry mask and transferring control to the byte beyond the mask. 4 CALLS Purpose: Call with stack argument list - invoke a procedure with actual arguments on the stack Format: opcode numarg.rl,dst.ab Operation: {push arg count}; {align stack}; {create stack frame}; {set arithmetic trap enables}; {set new values of AP, FP, PC} C. Codes: N = 0, Z = 0, V = 0, C = 0 Exceptions: Reserved operand Opcode: FB CALLS Call proc. with stack arglist Description: numarg is pushed on the stack as a longword (byte 0 contains the number of arguments, the high-order 24 bits are used by Digital software), SP is saved in a temporary (tmp) and then bits 1:0 of SP are cleared so the stack is longword aligned. The procedure entry mask (pointed to by dst) is scanned from bit 11 to bit 0 and the contents of the registers whose numbers correspond to set bits in the mask are pushed on the stack as longwords. AP, FP and the current PC are pushed onto the stack as longwords. The condition codes are cleared. A longword containing the saved two low bits of SP in bits 31:30 (tmp), 1 in bit 29, a 0 in bit 28, the low 12 bits of the entry mask in bits 27:16 and the PSW in bits 15:0 with T cleared is pushed on the stack. A longword 0 is pushed on the stack (for the condition handler address within the procedure). FP is replaced by SP, AP is set to the saved SP (value of SP after numarg was pushed. The trap enables in PSW are set to a known state. Integer and decimal overflow are set according to bits 14 and 15 of the entry mask respectively. The floating underflow bit is cleared and the T-bit is unaffected. PC is replaced by dst + 2, skipping the entry mask and transferring control to the byte beyond the mask. 4 CASEx Purpose: Perform multi-way branching depending on arithmetic input Format: opcode selector.rx,base.rx,limit.rx,disp[0].bw,..., disp[limit].bw Operation: tmp = selector - base; PC = PC + if tmp LEQU limit then SEXT (displ[tmp]) else {2 + 2*ZEXT (limit)} C. Codes: N = {tmp LSS limit}, Z = {tmp EQL limit}, V = 0, C = {tmp LSSU limit} Exceptions: None Opcodes: 8F CASEB Case byte AF CASEW Case word CF CASEL Case long Description: base is subtracted from selector and tmp is replaced by the result. The temporary tmp is compared with limit and if it is less than or equal (unsigned) a branch displacement is selected by tmp added to PC and PC is replaced by the result. Otherwise 2 * (limit+1) is added to PC and the result is placed in PC. This causes PC to be moved past the table of branch displacements. The condition codes are always affected by the comparison of tmp with limit. 4 CHMx Purpose: Request the services of more privileged software by changing the process mode Format: opcode code.rw Operation: tmp1 = {mode selected by opcode (K = 0, E = 1, S = 2, U = 3)}; tmp2 = MINU(tmp1,PSL<CUR_MOD>); {maximize privilege}; tmp3 = SEXT(code); if {PSL<IS> EQLU 1} then HALT; PSL<CUR_MOD>_SP = SP tmp4 = tmp2_sp; PROBEW (from tmp4 - 1 to tmp4 - 12 with mode = tmp2); if {access violation} then {initiate access violation fault}; if {translation not valid} then {initiate translation not valid}; {initiate CHMx exception with new_mode = tmp2 and parameter = tmp3 using 40 + tmp1*4 as SCB offset using tmp4 as the new SP and not storing SP again} C. Codes: N = 0, Z = 0, V = 0, C = 0 Exceptions: Halt Opcodes: BC CHMK Change mode to kernel BD CHME Change mode to executive BE CHMS Change mode to supervisor BF CHMU Change mode to user Description: Change mode instructions allow processes to change their access mode in a controlled manner. The instructions only increase privilege. A change in mode also results in a change of stack pointers; the old pointer is saved, the new pointer is loaded. The PSL, PC and any code passed by the instruction are pushed on the new stack. The code is sign extended. The destination mode selected by the opcode is used to select a vector from the System Control Block. Software convention reserves the negative code values to customers, positive code values to Digital. 4 CLRx Purpose: Clear or zero a scalar quantity Format: opcode dst.wx Operation: dst = 0 C. Codes: N = 0, Z = 1, V = 0, C = 0 Exceptions: None Opcodes: 94 CLRB Clear byte B4 CLRW Clear word D4 CLRL Clear long 7C CLRQ Clear quad 7CFD CLRO Clear octa D4 CLRF Clear F_floating 7C CLRD Clear D_floating 7C CLRG Clear G_floating 7CFD CLRH Clear H_floating Description: The destination operand is replaced by 0. 4 CMPx Purpose: Arithmetic comparison between two scalar quantities Format: opcode scr1.rx,src2.rx Operation: src1 - src2 C. Codes: N = {src1 LSS src2}, Z = {src1 EQL src2}, V = 0, C = {src1 LSSU src2} (integer), C = 0 (floating) Exceptions: None (integer), reserved operand (floating) Opcodes: 91 CMPB Compare byte B1 CMPW Compare word D1 CMPL Compare long 51 CMPF Compare F_floating 71 CMPD Compare D_floating 51FD CMPG Compare G_floating 71FD CMPH Compare H_floating Description: src1 is compared with src2. The only action is to affect the condition codes. 4 CMPCx Purpose: Compare two character strings Format: opcode len.rw,src1addr.ab,src2addr.ab ;3 operand opcode src1len.rw,src1addr.ab,fill.rb ;5 operand src2len.rw,src2addr.ab Operation: {compare two strings with optional filling} C. Codes: [final codes reflect last affecting of codes in the operation.] N = {{first byte} LSS {second byte}}, Z = {{first byte} EQL {second byte}}, V = 0, C = {{first byte} LSSU {second byte}} Exceptions: None Opcodes: 29 CMPC3 Compare character 3 operand 2D CMPC5 Compare character 5 operand Description: In 3-operand format the bytes of string 1 specified by len and src1addr are compared with string 2 specified by len and src2addr. In 5-operand format the bytes of string 1 specified by src1len and src1addr are compared with string 2 specified by src2len and src2addr. If one string is longer than the other the shorter string is conceptually extended by appending bytes with the value of fill to the end. Comparison proceeds until all the bytes have been examined or inequality is detected. Condition codes are affected by the last character comparison. Notes: After execution of CMPC3: R0 = number of bytes remaining in string 1 (including byte that terminated comparison); R0 is 0 only is strings are equal R1 = address of the byte in string 1 that terminated comparison; if strings are equal, address of one byte beyond string 1 R2 = R0 R3 = address of the byte in string 2 that terminated comparison; if strings are equal, address of one byte beyond string 2 After execution of CMPC5: R0 = number of bytes remaining in string 1 (including byte that terminated comparison); R0 is 0 only if string1 and string 2 are of equal length or string 1 was exhausted before comparison terminated R1 = address of the byte in string 1 that terminated comparison; if comparison did not terminate before string 1 exhausted, address of one byte beyond string 1 R2 = number of bytes remaining in string 2 (including byte that terminated comparison); R2 is 0 only if string 1 and string 2 are of equal length or string 2 was exhausted before comparison terminated R3 = address of the byte in string 2 that terminated comparison; if conmparison did not terminate before string 2 was exhausted, address of one byte beyond string 2 4 CMPPx Purpose: Compare two packed decimal strings and set the condition codes Format: opcode len.rw,scr1addr.ab,src2addr.ab ;3 operand opcode src1len.rw,src1addr.ab, src2len.rw,src2addr.ab ;4 operand Operation: ({src1addr + ZEXT(len/2)}:src1addr) = ({src2addr + ZEXT(len/2)}:src2addr) ;3 operand ({src1addr + ZEXT(src1len/2)}:src1addr = ({arc2addr + ZEXT(src2len/2)}:src2addr ;4 operand C. Codes: N = {{src1 string} LSS {src2 string}}, V = 0, Z = {{src1 string} EQL {src2 string}}, C = 0 Exceptions: Reserved operand Opcodes: 35 CMPP3 Compare packed 3 operand 37 CMPP4 Compare packed 4 operand Description: In 3-operand format, the source 1 string specified by src1addr and len is compared with the source 2 string specified by the src2addr and len. In 4-operand format, the source 1 string is specified by src1addr and src1len, the source 2 string by src2addr and src2len. The only action in either case is to affect the condition codes. Notes: After execution of CMPP3 or CMPP4: R0 = 0 R1 = address of the byte containing the most-significant digit of string 1 R2 = 0 R3 = address of the byte containing the most-significant digit of string 2 4 CMPxV Purpose: Compare field - compare bit field to integer Format: opcode pos.rl,size.rb,base.rb,src.rl Operation: FIELD (pos, size, base) - src C. Codes: N = {field LSS src}, Z = {field EQL src}, V = 0, C = {field LSSU src} Exceptions: Reserved operand Opcodes: EC CMPV Compare field ED CMPZV Compare zero-extended field Description: The field specified by pos, base and size is compared with the source operand. For CMPV, src is compared with the sign extended field. For CMPZV, src is compared with the zero extended field. The only action is to affect the condition codes. 4 CRC Purpose: Calculate cyclic redundancy check for software or communications checking Format: opcode tbl.ab,inicrc.rl,strlen.rw,stream.ab Operation: R0 = CRC_accumulation (initial value - inicrc, polynomial table - tbl, data stream - (stream, strlen)) C. Codes: N = {R0 LSS 0}, Z = {R0 EQL 0}, V = 0, C = C Exceptions: None Opcodes: 0B CRC Cyclic redundancy check Description: The CRC of the data stream pointed to by stream and of length strlen is calculated. The initial CRC is given by inicrc and is normally 0 or -1 unless the CRC is calculated in several steps. R0 is replaced by the result. If the polynomial is less than order -32, the result must be extracted from R0. The CRC polynomial is expressed by the contents of the 16-longword table. 4 CVTxx Purpose: Convert a signed quantity to a different signed data type Format: opcode src.rx,dst.wy Operation: dst = conversion or src C. Codes: N = dst LSS 0, Z = dst EQL 0, C = 0 V = {src cannot be represented in dst} Exceptions: Integer/floating overflow, reserved operand Opcodes: See table below: from/to |Byte |Word |Long |F_float|D_float|G_float|H_float| --------|------|------|------|------|------|-------|-------| Byte | |99 x|98 x|4C e|6C e|4CFD e|6CFD e| Word |33 t| |32 x|4D e|6D e|4DFD e|6DFD e| Long |F6 t|F7 t| |4E r|6E e|4EFD e|6EFD e| F_float |48 t|49 t|4A t| |56 e|99FD e|98FD e| D_float |68 t|69 t|6A t|76 r| | |32FD e| G_float |48FD t|49FD t|4AFD t|33FD r| | |56FD e| H_float |68FD t|69FD t|6AFD t|F6FD r|F7FD r|76FD r| | --------|------|------|------|------|------|-------|-------| legend: t - truncate, x - sign extend, e - exact, r - rounded, 4B CVTRFL Convert and round F_floating to long 6B CVTRDL Convert and round D_floating to long 4BFD CVTRGL Convert and round G_floating to long 6BFD CVTRHL Convert and round H_floating to long 4 CVTLP Purpose: Convert longword to a packed decimal string Format: opcode src.rl,dstlen.rw,dstaddr.ab Operation: {dst string} = conversion of src C. Codes: N = {{dst string} LSS 0}, V = {decimal overflow}, Z = {{dst string} EQL 0}, C = 0 Exceptions: Reserved operand, decimal overflow Opcode: F9 CVTLP Convert long to packed Description: src is converted to a packed decimal string and the destination string operand specified by dstlen and dstaddr is replaced by the result. dst and R0-R3 are unpredictable on a reserved operand abort. Overlapping operands will produce correct results. Notes: After execution: R0 = 0 R1 = 0 R2 = 0 R3 = address of the byte containing the most-significant digit of the destination string 4 CVTPL Purpose: Convert a packed decimal string to a longword Format: opcode srclen.rw,srcaddr.ab,dst.wl Operation: dst = conversion of {src string} C. Codes: N = {dst LSS 0}, V = {integer overflow}, Z = {dst EQL 0}, C = 0 Exceptions: Reserved operand, integer overflow Opcode: 36 CVTPL Convert packed to long Description: The packed decimal source string src specified by srclen and srcaddr is converted to a longword and the result is placed in dst. dst is stored after all the registers are updated. This means that dst can be a register. Integer overflow can occur if the decimal string converts to a value outside a longword integer range. If this happens dst is replaced by the low order bits of the correct result. Overlapping operands will produce correct results. Notes: After execution: R0 = 0 R1 = address of the byte containing the most-significant digit of the source string R2 = 0 R3 = 0 4 CVTPS Purpose: Convert a packed decimal string to leading separate numeric Format: opcode srclen.rw,srcaddr.ab,dstlen.rw,dstaddr.ab Operation: {dst string} = conversion of {src string} C. Codes: N = {{src string} LSS 0}, V = {decimal overflow}, Z = {{src string} EQL 0}, C = 0 Exceptions: Reserved operand, decimal overflow Opcode: 08 CVTPS Convert packed to leading separate Description: The packed decimal source string src specified by srclen and srcaddr is changed to a leading separate numeric string and the result is placed in dst as specified by dstlen and dstaddr. Conversion is effected by replacing the lowest addressed byte of dst by the ASCII character "+" or "-", determined by the sign of the source string. The remaining bytes of dst are replaced by the ASCII characters that correspond to the digits in src. Notes: After execution: R0 = 0 R1 = address of the byte containing the most-significant digit of the source string R2 = 0 R3 = address of the sign byte of the destination string 4 CVTPT Purpose: Convert a packed decimal string to trailing numeric Format: opcode srclen.rw,srcaddr.ab,tbladdr.ab, dstlen.rw,dstaddr.ab Operation: {dst string} = conversion of {src string} C. Codes: N = {{src string} LSS 0}, V = {decimal overflow}, Z = {{src string} EQL 0}, C = 0 Exceptions: Reserved operand, decimal overflow Opcode: 24 CVTPT Convert packed to trailing numeric Description: The packed decimal source string src specified by srclen and srcaddr is converted to a trailing numeric string and the result is placed in dst as specified by dstlen and dstaddr. Conversion is effected by using the highest addressed byte of src (i.e. the byte containing the sign and least significant digit) as an unsigned index into a 256 byte table whose 0th entry is specified by tbladdr. The byte read out of the table replaces the least significant byte of dst. The remaining bytes of dst are replaced by the ASCII representations of the digits in src. Notes: After execution: R0 = 0 R1 = address of the byte containing the most-significant digit of the source string R2 = 0 R3 = address of the most-significant digit of the destination string 4 CVTSP Purpose: Convert a leading separate numeric string to packed decimal Format: opcode srclen.rw,srcaddr.ab,dstlen.rw,dstaddr.ab Operation: {dst string} = conversion of {src string} C. Codes: N = {{dst string} LSS 0}, V = {decimal overflow}, Z = {{dst string} EQL 0}, C = 0 Exceptions: Reserved operand, decimal overflow Opcode: 09 CVTSP Convert leading separate to packed Description: The source leading separate numeric string src specified by srclen and srcaddr is converted to a packed decimal string and the result is placed in dst as specified by dstlen and dstaddr. Notes: After execution: R0 = 0 R1 = address of the sign byte of the source string R2 = 0 R3 = address of the byte containing the most-significant digit of the destination string 4 CVTTP Purpose: Convert a trailing numeric string to packed decimal Format: opcode srclen.rw,srcaddr.ab,tbladdr.ab, dstlen.rw,dstaddr.ab Operation: {dst string} = conversion of {src string} C. Codes: N = {{dst string} LSS 0}, V = {decimal overflow}, Z = {{dst string} EQL 0}, C = 0 Exceptions: Reserved operand, decimal overflow Opcode: 26 CVTTP Convert trailing numeric to packed Description: The trailing numeric source string src specified by srclen and srcaddr is converted to a packed decimal string and the result is placed in dst as specified by dstlen and dstaddr. Conversion is effected by using the highest addressed byte of src (i.e. the byte containing the sign and least significant digit) as an unsigned index into a 256 byte table whose 0th entry is specified by tbladdr. The byte read out of the table replaces the highest addressed byte of dst. The packed digits of dst are replaced by the low order four bits of each ASCII character in src. Notes: After execution: R0 = 0 R1 = address of the most-significant digit of the source string R2 = 0 R3 = address of the byte containing the most-significant digit of the destination string 4 DECx Purpose: Decrement - subtract 1 from an integer Format: opcode dif.mx Operation: dif = dif - 1 C. Codes: N = dif LSS 0, Z = dif EQL 0 V = {integer overflow}, C = {borrow from MSB} Exceptions: Integer overflow Opcodes: 97 DECB Decrement byte B7 DECW Decrement word D7 DECL Decrement long Description: One is subtracted from the dif operand and the dif operand is replaced by the result. 4 DIVxx Purpose: Perform arithmetic division Format: opcode divr.rx,quo.mx ;2 operand opcode divr.rx,divd.rx,quo.wx ;3 operand Operation: quo = quo / divr ;2 operand quo = divd / divr ;3 operand C. Codes: N = {quo LSS 0}, Z = {quo EQL 0}, C = 0, V = {overflow or {divr EQL 0}} Exceptions: Integer or floating overflow, divide by zero Floating underflow, reserved operand Opcodes: 86 DIVB2 Divide byte 2 operand 87 DIVB3 Divide byte 3 operand A6 DIVW2 Divide word 2 operand A7 DIVW3 Divide word 3 operand C6 DIVL2 Divide long 2 operand C7 DIVL3 Divide long 3 operand 46 DIVF2 Divide F_floating 2 operand 47 DIVF3 Divide F_floating 3 operand 66 DIVD2 Divide D_floating 2 operand 67 DIVD3 Divide D_floating 3 operand 46FD DIVG2 Divide G_floating 2 operand 47FD DIVG3 Divide G_floating 3 operand 66FD DIVH2 Divide H_floating 2 operand 67FD DIVH3 Divide H_floating 3 operand 4 DIVP Purpose: Divide one packed decimal string by a second decimal string Format: opcode divrlen.rw,divraddr.ab,divdlen.rw, divdaddr.ab,quolen.rw,quoaddr.ab Operation: {quo string} = {divd string} / {divr string} C. Codes: N = {{quo string} LSS 0}, V = {decimal overflow}, Z = {{quo string} EQL 0}, C = 0 Exceptions: Reserved operand, decimal overflow, divide by zero Opcode: 27 DIVP Divide packed Description: The dividend string specified by divdlen and divdaddr is divided by the divisor string specified by divrlen and divraddr. The result of the division is placed in the quotient string specified by quolen and quoaddr. Notes: After execution: R0 = 0 R1 = address of the byte containing the most-significant digit of the divisor string R2 = 0 R3 = address of the byte containing the most-significant digit of the dividend string R4 = 0 R5 = address of the byte containing the most-significant digit of the quotient string 4 EDIV Purpose: Perform extended-precision division Format: opcode divr.rl,divd.rq,quo.wl,rem.wl Operation: quo = divd/divr; rem = REM (divd, divr) C. Codes: N = {quo LSS 0}, Z = {quo EQL 0}, C = 0, V = {{integer overflow} OR {divr EQL 0}} Exceptions: Integer overflow, divide by zero Opcode: 7B EDIV Extended divide 4 EDITPC Purpose: Edit Packed to Character String Format: opcode srclen.rw,srcaddr.ab,pattern.ab,dstaddr.ab Operation: C. Codes: N = {src string} LSS 0; !N <- 0 if src is -0 Z = {src string} EQL 0; C = {significance} V = {decimal overflow}; !nonzero digits lost Exceptions: reserved operand, decimal overflow Opcode: 38 EDITPC Edit Packed to Character String Description: The destination string specified by the pattern and destination address operands is replaced by the edited version of the source string specified by the source length and source address operands. The editing is performed according to the pattern string, starting at the address pattern and extending until a pattern end pattern operator (EO$END) is encountered. The pattern string consists of 1-byte pattern operators. Some pattern operators take no operands. Some take a repeat count that is contained in the rightmost nibble of the pattern operator itself. The rest take a 1-byte operand that immediately follows the pattern operator. This operand is either an unsigned integer length or a byte character. Notes: After execution: R0 = length of source string R1 = address of the byte containing the most-significant digit of the source string R2 = 0 R3 = address of the byte containing the EO$END pattern operator R4 = 0 R5 = address of one byte beyond the last byte of teh destination string 4 EMODx Purpose: Extended multiply and integerize - perform accurate range reduction of math function arguments Format: opcode mulr.rx,mulrx.rb,muld.rx,int.wl,fract.wx Operation: int = {integer part of muld * {mulr'mulrx}}; frac = {fractional part of muld * {mulr'mulrx}} C. Codes: N = {fract LSS 0}, Z = {fract EQL 0}, V = {integer overflow}, C = 0 Exceptions: Integer or floating overflow, divide by zero Opcodes: 54 EMODF Ext. mul., integerize F_floating 74 EMODD Ext. mul., integerize D_floating 54FD EMODG Ext. mul., integerize G_floating 74FD EMODH Ext. mul., integerize H_floating Description: The floating multiplier extension mulrx is concatenated with the floating point multiplier (mulr) to gain eight additional low order fraction bits. This is then multiplied by muld. After multiplication, the integer portion is extracted and a floating point number is formed from the fractional part by truncating extra bits. The integer part is placed in int and the fractional part in frac. 4 EMUL Purpose: Perform extended-precision multiplication Format: opcode mulr.rl,muld.rl,add.rl,prod.wq Operation: prod = {{muld * mulr} + SEXT (add)} C. Codes: N = {prod LSS 0}, Z = {prod EQL 0}, V = 0, C = 0 Exceptions: None Opcode: 7A EMUL Extended multiply Description: mulr is multiplied by muld to give a double length is then stored in prod. 4 EXTxV Purpose: Extract field - moves bit field to integer Format: opcode pos.rl,size.rb,base.vb,dst.wl Operation: EXTV: dst = if size NEQU 0 then SEXT ( FIELD (pos, size, base)) else 0 EXTZV: dst = if size NEQU 0 then ZEXT ( FIELD (pos, size, base)) else 0 C. Codes: N = {dst LSS 0}, Z = {dst EQL 0}, V = 0, C = C Exceptions: Reserved operand Opcodes: EE EXTV Extract field, sign extend EF EXTZV Extract field, zero extend Description: For EXTV, dst is replaced by the sign-extended field specified by pos, size and base. For EXTZV, dst is replaced by the zero-extended field specified by pos, size and base. If size is 0 dst is replaced by 0. 4 FFx Purpose: Find first - locate first bit in bit field Format: opcode startpos.rl,size.rb,base.vb,findpos.wl Operation: Find first set or clear bit searching left across field C. Codes: N = 0, Z = {bit not found}, V = 0, C = 0 Exceptions: Reserved operand Opcodes: EB FFC Find first clear EA FFS Find first set Description: A field specified by the startpos, size and base operands is extracted. The field is tested for a bit in the indicated state starting at bit 0 and extending to the highest bit in the field. If a bit in the desired state is found, the findpos operand is replaced with the bit position and the Z condition bit is cleared. If no bit in the indicated state is found, findpos is replaced by the position relative to base of a bit one to the left of the specified field and the Z condition bit is set. If size = 0, findpos is replaced by startpos and Z is set. 4 HALT Purpose: Stop processor operation Format: opcode Operation: If PSL<current_mode> NEQU kernel then {reserved to Digital opcode fault} else {halt the processor} C. Codes: N = 0, Z = 0, V = 0, C = 0 (fault) Unaffected (processor halt) Exceptions: Reserved to Digital opcode Opcode: 00 HALT Halt Description: If process is running in kernel mode, the processor is halted. Otherwise, an opcode reserved to Digital fault occurs. This opcode is 0 to trap many branches to data. 4 INCx Purpose: Increment - add 1 to an integer Format: opcode sum.mx Operation: sum = sum + 1 C. Codes: N = {sum LSS 0}, Z = {sum EQL 0}, V = {integer overflow}, C = {carry from MSB} Exceptions: Integer overflow Opcodes: 96 INCB Increment byte B6 INCW Increment word D6 INCL Increment long Description: One is added to the sum operand and the sum operand is replaced by the result. 4 INDEX Purpose: Index calculation of arrays of fixed length data, bit fields and strings Format: opcode subscript.rl,low.rl,high.rl,size.rl,indexin.rl, indexout.rl Operation: indexout = {indexin + subscript}*size; if {subscript LSS low} or {subscript GTR high} then {subscript range trap} C. Codes: N = {indexout LSS 0}, Z = {indexout EQL 0}, V = 0, C = 0 Exceptions: Subscript range Opcode: 0A INDEX Index Description: indexin is added to subscript and the sum is multiplied by size. The result is placed in indexout. If subscript is less than low or greater than high a subscript range trap is taken. 4 INSQHI Purpose: Insert entry into queue at head, interlocked Format: opcode entry.ab,header.aq Operation: if {insertion succeded} then begin N <- 0; Z <- (entry) EQL (entry+4); ! First entry in queue V <- 0; C <- 0; end; else begin N <- 0; Z <- 0; V <- 0; C <- 1; ! Secondary interlock failed end; Exceptions: Reserved operand Opcode: 5C INSQHI Insert entry into queue at head, interlocked Description: The entry specified by the operand entry is inserted into the queue following the header specified by pred. If the entry inserted is the first one in the queue, the Z bit is set; otherwise it is cleared. The insertion is a noninterruptable operation. The entire operation is validated before any portion of it is attempted. The queue will be left in a consistent state if a memory management violation occurs. 4 INSQTI Purpose: Insert entry into queue at tail, interlocked Format: opcode entry.ab,header.aq Operation: if {insertion succeded} then begin N <- 0; Z <- (entry) EQL (entry+4); ! First entry in queue V <- 0; C <- 0; end; else begin N <- 0; Z <- 0; V <- 0; C <- 1; ! Secondary interlock failed end; Exceptions: Reserved operand Opcode: 5D INSQTI Insert entry into queue at tail, interlocked Description: The entry specified by the operand entry is inserted into the queue preceding the header specified by pred. If the entry inserted is the first one in the queue, the Z bit is set; otherwise it is cleared. The insertion is a noninterruptable operation. The entire operation is validated before any portion of it is attempted. The queue will be left in a consistent state if a memory management violation occurs. 4 INSQUE Purpose: Add entry to head or tail of queue Format: opcode entry.ab,pred.ab Operation: if {all memory accesses can be completed} then begin (entry) = (pred); ;forward link (entry+4) = pred; ;backward link ((pred)+4) = entry; ;backward successor (pred) = entry; ;forward predessor end; else begin {backup instruction}; {initiate fault}; end; C. Codes: N = {(entry) LSS (entry + 4)}, V = 0, C = {(entry) LSSU (entry + 4)}, Z = {(entry) EQL (entry + 4)} Exceptions: None Opcode: 0E INSQUE Insert entry in queue Description: The queue entry specified by the operand entry is inserted into the queue following the entry specified by pred. If the entry inserted is the first one in the queue, the Z bit is set; otherwise it is cleared. The insertion is a noninterruptable operation. The entire operation is validated before any portion of it is attempted. The queue will be left in a consistent state if a memory management violation occurs. 4 INSV Purpose: Insert field - moves integer to bit field Format: opcode src.rl,pos.rl,size.rb,base.vb Operation: if size NEQU 0 then FIELD (pos, size, base) = src <{size -1 }> C. Codes: Not affected Exceptions: Reserved operand Opcode: F0 INSV Insert field Description: The field specified by pos, size and base is replaced by bits {size-1}:0 of src. If size is 0 no action occurs. 4 JMP Purpose: Transfer control Format: opcode dst.ab Operation: PC = dst C. Codes: Not affected Exceptions: None Opcode: 17 JMP Jump 4 JSB Purpose: Jump to subroutine - transfer control to subroutine Format: opcode dst.ab Operation: -(SP) = PC; PC = dst C. Codes: Not affected Exceptions: None Opcode: 16 JSB Jump to subroutine Description: PC is pushed onto the stack as a longword and the jump is taken. 4 LDPCTX Purpose: Load processor context - restore register and memory management context Format: opcode Operation: if PSL<current-mode> NEQU 0 then {opcode reserved to Digital fault}; {invalidate per-process translation buffer entries}; {load process general registers from process control block}; {load process map, ASTLVL and PME from PCB}; {save PSL and PC on stack for subsequent REI} C. Codes: Not affected Exceptions: Reserved operand, privileged instruction Opcodes: 06 LDPCTX Load process context Description: The process control block is specified by the internal processor register PCBB (process control block base). The general registers are loaded from the PCB, along with the memory management registers describing the address space. The process entries in the translation buffer are cleared. Execution is switched to the kernel stack. The PC and PSL are moved from the PCB to the stack, suitable for use by a REI instruction. 4 LOCC Purpose: To locate a character in a string Format: opcode char.rb,len.rw,addr.ab Operation: {compare each character until equal} C. Codes: N = 0, Z = {R0 EQL 0}, Z = 0, C = 0 Exceptions: None Opcode: 3A LOCC Locate character Description: char is compared with the bytes of the string specified by addr and len. Comparison continues until char equals the character in the string or until the string is exhausted. If equality is detected the Z bit is set, otherwise it is cleared. Notes: After execution: R0 = number of bytes remaining in the string (including located one) if byte located; otherwise 0 R1 = address of the byte located if located; otherwise address of one byte beyond the string 4 MATCHC Purpose: To find a substring (object) in a character string Format: opcode objlen.rw,objaddr.ab,srclen.rw,srcaddr.ab Operation: {compare object substring with srcstring until match} C. Codes: N = 0, Z = {R0 EQL 0}, Z = 0, C = 0 Exceptions: None Opcode: 39 MATCHC Match characters Description: src as specified by srclen and srcaddr is searched for a substring which matches the object string as specified by objlen and objaddr. If the substring is found the Z bit is set, otherwise it is cleared. The search continues until src is exhausted or until a match is found. Notes: After execution: R0 = if a match occurred, 0; otherwise the number of bytes in the object string R1 = if a match occurred, the address of one byte beyond the object string; that is, objaddr + objlen; otherwise, the address of the object string R2 = if a match occurred, the number of bytes remaining in the source string; otherwise 0 R3 = if a match occurred, the address of one byte beyond the last byte matched; otherwise, the address of one byte beyond the source string; that is, srcaddr + srclen For zero-length source and object strings, R3 and R1 contain the source and object addresses, respectively. If both strings have 0 length or if the object string has length 0, condition code Z is set and registers R0-R3 are left just as though the substring were found. If the source has 0 length and the object string has nonzero length, condition code Z is cleared and registers R0-R3 are left just as though the substring were not found. 4 MCOMx Purpose: Move the logical complement of an integer Format: opcode src.rx,dst.wx Operation: dst = NOT src C. Codes: N = {dst LSS 0}, Z = {dst EQL 0}, V = 0, C = C Exceptions: None Opcodes: 92 MCOMB Move complemented byte B2 MCOMW Move complemented word D2 MCOML Move complemented long Description: The destination operand is replaced by the ones complement of the source operand. 4 MFPR Purpose: Move from processor register - access internal privileged registers Format: opcode procreg.rl,dst.wl Operation: if {PSL<current-mode> NEQ 0} then {reserved instruction fault}; dst = PRS[procreg] C. Codes: N = {dst LSS 0}, Z = {dst EQL 0}, V = 0, C = C C. Codes not affected if destination is not replaced. Exceptions: Reserved operand, privileged instruction Opcode: DB MFPR Move from processor register Description: The specified register is stored in dst. The first operand procreg is a longword that contains the register number. Execution may have register specific side effects. A reserved operand fault can occur if the register does not exist. A reserved instruction fault will occur if MFPR is executed in other than kernel mode. 5 Processor_Registers The following table is a summary of the registers accessible in the privileged register space. Each mnemonic can be used to form a symbol by prefixing it with "PR$_". The number of a register, once assigned, will not change across implementations of the VAX or within an implementation. All unsigned positive number are reserved to Digital, all negative number are reserved for customers. The type column indicates whether the register is read-only, write-only, or may be both read and written. The scope column indicates whether the register is maintained on a per-process basis or a per-CPU basis. The init column indicates whether the register is set to some predefined initial value. The dashes mean initialization is optional. Register Name Mnemonic Number Type Scope Init ======== ==== ======== ====== ==== ===== ==== Kernel stack pointer KSP 0 R/W PROC --- Executive stack pointer ESP 1 R/W PROC --- Supervisor stack pointer SSP 2 R/W PROC --- User stack pointer USP 3 R/W PROC --- Interrupt stack pointer ISP 4 R/W CPU --- P0 base register P0BR 8 R/W PROC --- P0 length register P0LR 9 R/W PROC --- P1 base register P1BR 10 R/W PROC --- P1 length register P1LR 11 R/W PROC --- System base register SBR 12 R/W CPU --- System length register SLR 13 R/W CPU --- Process control block base PCBB 16 R/W PROC --- System block base SCBB 17 R/W CPU --- Interrupt level IPL 18 R/W CPU yes AST level ASTLVL 19 R/W PROC yes Software interrupt request SIRR 20 W CPU --- Software interrupt summary SISR 21 R/W CPU yes Interval clock control ICCS 24 R/W CPU yes Next interval count NICR 25 W CPU --- Interval count ICR 26 R CPU --- Time of year TODR 27 R/W CPU no Console receiver C/S RXCS 32 R/W CPU yes Console receiver D/B RXDB 33 R CPU --- Console transmit C/S TXCS 34 R/W CPU yes Console transmit D/B TXDB 35 W CPU --- Memory management enable MAPEN 56 R/W CPU yes Trans. buf. inval. all TBIA 57 W CPU --- Trans. buf. inval. single TBIS 58 W CPU --- Performance monitor enable PMR 61 R/W PROC yes System identification SID 62 R CPU no 4 MNEGx Purpose: Move the arithmetic negation of a scalar quantity Format: opcode src.rx,dst.wx Operation: dst = -scr C. Codes: N = {dst LSS 0}, Z = {dst EQL 0}, V = 0 (floating), V = overflow (integer), C = {dst NEQ 0} (integer), C = 0 (floating) Exceptions: Integer overflow, reserved operand (floating) Opcodes: 8E MNEGB Move negated byte AE MNEGW Move negated word CE MNEGL Move negated long 52 MNEGF Move negated F_floating 72 MNEGD Move negated D_floating 52FD MNEGG Move negated G_floating 72FD MNEGH Move negated H_floating Description: The destination operand is replaced by the negative of the source operand. 4 MOVx Purpose: Move a scalar quantity Format: opcode src.rx,dst.wx Operation: dst = src C. Codes: N = {dst LSS 0}, Z = {dst EQL 0}, V = 0, C = C Exceptions: None (integer), reserved operand (floating point) Opcodes: 90 MOVB Move byte B0 MOVW Move word D0 MOVL Move long 7D MOVQ Move quad 7DFD MOVO Move octa 50 MOVF Move F_floating 70 MOVD Move D_floating 50FD MOVG Move G_floating 70FD MOVH Move H_floating Description: The destination operand is replaced by the source operand. The source operand is not affected. 4 MOVAx Purpose: Move address - calculate address of quantity Format: opcode src.ax,dst.wl Operation: dst = src C. Codes: N = {dst LSS 0}, Z = {dst EQL 0}, V = 0, C = 0 Exceptions: None Opcodes: 9E MOVAB Move address of byte 3E MOVAW Move address of word DE MOVAL Move address of long 7E MOVAQ Move address of quad 7EFD MOVAO Move address of octa DE MOVAF Move address of F_floating 7E MOVAD Move address of D_floating 7E MOVAG Move address of G_floating 7EFD MOVAH Move address of H_floating Description: dst is replaced by the address of src. The context in which src is evaluated is given by the data type of the instruction. The operand at the address of src is not referenced. 4 MOVCx Purpose: Move character string or block of memory Format: opcode len.rw,srcaddr.ab,dstaddr.ab ;3 operand opcode srclen.rw,srcaddr.ab,fill.rb, ;5 operand dstlen.rw,dstaddr.ab Operation: {dst string} = {src string} Exceptions: None Opcodes: 28 MOVC3 Move character 3 operand 2C MOVC5 Move character 5 operand Description: dst as specified by dstaddr and len (3 operand) or dstlen (5 operand) is replaced by src as specified by srcaddr and len (3 operand) or srclen (5 operand). If dst is longer than src (5 operand only), the highest addresses of dst that are not filled by src are instead filled with fill. If dst is shorter than src, the copied string is truncated to fit in src. The operation of the instruction is such that any overlap of src and dst will not affect the result. Notes: After execution of MOVC3: R0 = 0 R1 = address of one byte beyond the source string R2 = 0 R3 = address of one byte beyond the destination string R4 = 0 R5 = 0 After execution of MOVC5: R0 = number of unmoved bytes remaining in the source string. R0 is nonzero only if source string is longer than the destination string R1 = address of one byte beyond the last byte in source string that was moved R2 = 0 R3 = address of one byte beyond the destination string R4 = 0 R5 = 0 4 MOVP Purpose: Moved a packed decimal string from one memory location to another Format: opcode len.rw,srcaddr.ab,dstaddr.ab Operation: ({dstaddr + ZEXT (len/2)} : dstaddr) = ({srcaddr + ZEXT (len/2)} : srcaddr) C. Codes: N = {{dst string} LSS 0}, V = 0, Z = {{dst string} EQL 0}, C = C Exceptions: Reserved operand Opcodes: 34 MOVP Move packed Description: The string dst specified by dstaddr and len is replaced by the string src specified by srcaddr and len. Notes: After execution: R0 = 0 R1 = address of the byte containing the most-significant digit of the source string R2 = 0 R3 = address of the byte containing the most-significant digit of the destination string 4 MOVPSL Purpose: Obtain processor status Format: opcode dst.wl Operation: dst = PSL C. Codes: Not affected Exceptions: None Opcode: DC MOVPSL Move from PSL 4 MOVTC Purpose: to move and translate a character string Format: opcode srclen.rw,srcaddr.ab,fill.rb,tbladdr.ab, dstlen.rw,dstaddr.ab C. Codes: N = {srclen LSS dstlen}, Z = {srclen EQL dstlen}, V = 0, C = {srclen LSSU dstlen} Exceptions: None Opcode: 2E MOVTC Move translated characters Description: The source operand string specified by srclen and srcaddr is translated and replaces the destination string as specified by dstlen and dstaddr. Translation is done by using each byte of src as an index into tbl (a 256 byte array). The selected byte is placed in dst. If the dst is longer than src, dst is filled using fill. If dst is shorter than src, the highest bytes of src are not moved. dst and src may overlap with no ill effects -- but if dst overlaps tbl the result is unpredictable. Notes: After execution: R0 = number of untranslated bytes remaining in the source string; R0 is nonzero only if source string is longer than destination string R1 = address of one byte beyond the last byte in source string that was translated R2 = 0 R3 = address of the translation table R4 = 0 R5 = address of one byte beyond the destination string 4 MOVTUC Purpose: To move and translate a character string, handling escape codes (until character) Format: opcode srclen.rw,srcaddr.ab,esc.rb,tbladdr.ab, dstlen.rw,dstaddr.ab C. Codes: N = {srclen LSS dstlen}, Z = {srclen EQL dstlen}, V = {terminated by escape}, C = {srclen LSSU dstlen} Exceptions: None Opcode: 2F MOVTUC Move translated until character Description: The source operand string specified by srclen and srcaddr is translated and replaces the destination string as specified by dstlen and dstaddr. Translation is done by using each byte of src as an index into tbl (256 byte array). The selected byte is placed in dst. Translation continues until a translated byte equals esc or either string is exhausted. If translation is terminated by esc, the condtion code V-bit is set. If dst overlaps src or tbl, dst and the registers are unpredictable. Notes: After execution: R0 = number of bytes remaining in source string (including the byte that caused the escape); R0 is 0 only if the entire source string was translated and moved without escape R1 = address of the byte that resulted in destination string exhaustion or escape; or if no exhaustion or escape, address of one byte beyond the source string R2 = 0 R3 = address of the table R4 = number of bytes remaining in the destination string R5 = address of the byte in the destination string that would have received the translated byte that caused the escape, or would have received a translated byte if the source string were not exhausted; or if no exhaustion or escape, the address of one byte beyond the destination string 4 MOVZxx Purpose: Convert an unsigned integer to a wider unsigned integer (move zeroed) Format: opcode src.rx,dst.wy Operation: dst = ZEXT (src) C. Codes: N = 0, Z = {dst EQL 0}, V = 0, C = C Exceptions: None Opcodes: 9B MOVZBW Move zero-extended byte to word 9A MOVZBL Move zero-extended byte to long 3C MOVZWL Move zero-extended word to long Description: For MOVZBW, bits 7:0 of dst are replaced by src, bits 15:8 are zeroed. For MOVZBL, bits 7:0 of dst are replaced by src, bits 31:8 are zeroed. For MOVZWL, bits 15:0 of dst are replaced by src, bits 31:16 are zeroed. 4 MTPR Purpose: Move to processor register - change internal privileged registers Format: opcode src.rl,procreg.rl Operation: if {PSL<current-mode> NEQ 0} then {reserved instruction fault}; PRS[procreg] = src C. Codes: N = {dst LSS 0}, Z = {dst EQL 0}, V = 0, C = C C. Codes not affected if register is not replaced. Exceptions: Reserved operand, privileged instruction Opcode: DA MTPR Move to processor register Description: The specified register is loaded. The second operand procreg is a longword that contains the register number. Execution may have register-specific side effects. A reserved operand fault can occur if the register does not exist. A reserved instruction fault will occur if the instruction is executed in other than kernel mode. See the instruction MFPR for a list of processor registers. 4 MULxx Purpose: Perform arithmetic multiplication Format: opcode mulr.rx,prod.mx ;2 operand opcode mulr.rx,muld.rx,prod.wx ;3 operand Operation: prod = prod * mulr ;2 operand prod = muld * mulr ;3 operand C. Codes: N = {prod LSS 0}, Z = {prod EQL 0}, V = {overflow}, C = 0 Exceptions: Integer, floating overflow Floating underflow, reserved operand Opcodes: 84 MULB2 Multiply byte 2 operand 85 MULB3 Multiply byte 3 operand A4 MULW2 Multiply word 2 operand A5 MULW3 Multiply word 3 operand C4 MULL2 Multiply long 2 operand C5 MULL3 Multiply long 3 operand 44 MULF2 Multiply F_floating 2 operand 45 MULF3 Multiply F_floating 3 operand 64 MULD2 Multiply D_floating 2 operand 65 MULD3 Multiply D_floating 3 operand 44FD MULG2 Multiply G_floating 2 operand 45FD MULG3 Multiply G_floating 3 operand 64FD MULH2 Multiply H_floating 2 operand 65FD MULH3 Multiply H_floating 3 operand 4 MULP Purpose: Multiply one packed decimal string by a second, result placed in third Format: opcode mulrlen.rw,mulraddr.ab,muldlen.rw, muldaddr.ab,prodlen.rw,prodaddr.ab Operation: {prod string} = {muld string} * {mulr string} C. Codes: N = {{prod string} LSS 0}, V = {decimal overflow}, Z = {{prod string} EQL 0}, C = 0 Exceptions: Reserved operand, decimal overflow Opcode: 25 MULP Multiply packed Description: The multiplicand string muld specified by muldaddr and muldlen is multiplied by the multiplier string mulr specified by mulraddr and mulrlen. The product is placed in the string prod as specified by prodaddr and prodlen. Notes: After execution: R0 = 0 R1 = address of the byte containing the most-significant digit of the multiplier string R2 = 0 R3 = address of the byte containing the most-significant digit of the multiplicand string R4 = 0 R5 = address of the byte containing the most-significant digit of the product string 4 NOP Purpose: No operation is performed Format: opcode C. Codes: Not affected Exceptions: None Opcode: 01 NOP No Operation 4 POLYx Purpose: Allows fast calculation of math functions Format: opcode arg.x,degree.rw,tbladdr.ab Operation: result = Cdegree (first table entry) For degree times, loop result = arg * result Perform multiply and retain an extended floating fraction of 31 bits (POLYF) or 63 bits (POLYD). The fraction is truncated before normalization. result = result + Cnext (next table entry) Normalize, round and check for over/ underflow only after the combined multiply/ add sequence. if overflow then trap. if underflow then clear result, remember underflow and continue looping. C. Codes: N = {R0 LSS 0}, Z = {R0 EQL 0}, V = {floating overflow}, C = 0 Exceptions: Floating overflow/underflow, reserved operand Opcodes: 55 POLYF Polynomial evaluation F_floating 75 POLYD Polynomial evaluation D_floating 55FD POLYG Polynomial evaluation G_floating 75FD POLYH Polynomial evaluation H_floating 4 POPR Purpose: Restore multiple registers from stack Format: opcode mask.rw Operation: Restore registers in order R14 .. R0 C. Codes: Not affected Exceptions: None Opcode: BA POPR Pop registers Description: The contents of the registers whose number corresponds to set bits in the mask operand are replaced by longwords popped from the stack. R[n] is pushed if mask <n> is set. The mask is scanned from bit 14 to bit 0. Bit 15 is ignored. 4 PROBEx Purpose: Probe accessibility - verify arguments Format: opcode mode.rb,len.rw,base.ab Operation: probe_mode = MAXU (mode<1:0>, PSL <PRV_MOD>); condition_codes = {{accessibility of base} AND {accessibilty of (base + ZEXT (len) - 1)} using probe_mode} C. Codes: N = 0, V = 0, C = 0, Z = {if {accessible} then 0 else 1} Exceptions: Translation not valid Opcodes: 0C PROBER Probe read accessibility 0D PROBEW Probe write accessibility Description: The PROBE instruction checks the read or write accessibility of the first and last byte specified by base and the zero extended length -- the bytes in between are not checked. System software must check all the pages in between if they are to be accessed. The protection is checked against the larger of the modes specified in bits <1:0> of the mode operand and the previous mode field of the PSL. Note that probing with a mode operand of 0 is equivalent to probing the previous mode. 4 PUSHAx Purpose: Push address - calculate address of quantity Format: opcode src.ax Operation: -(SP) = src C. Codes: N = {result LSS 0}, Z = {result EQL 0}, V = 0, C = 0 Exceptions: None Opcodes: 9F PUSHAB Push address of byte 3F PUSHAW Push address of word DF PUSHAL Push address of long 7F PUSHAQ Push address of quad 7FFD PUSHAO Push address of octa DF PUSHAF Push address of F_floating 7F PUSHAD Push address of D_floating 7F PUSHAG Push address of G_floating 7FFD PUSHAH Push address of H_floating Description: The address of src is pushed on the stack. The context in which src is evaluated is given by the data type of the instruction. The operand at the address of src is not referenced. PUSHAx is equivalent to MOVAx src,-(SP) but is shorter. 4 PUSHL Purpose: Push source operand onto stack Format: opcode src.rl Operation: -(SP) = src C. Codes: N = {src LSS 0}, Z = {src EQL 0}, V = 0, C = C Exceptions: None Opcode: DD PUSHL Push long Description: The long word source operand is pushed on the stack. 4 PUSHR Purpose: Save multiple registers on stack Format: opcode mask.rw Operation: Save registers in order R0 .. R14 C. Codes: Not affected Exceptions: None Opcode: BB PUSHR Push registers Description: The contents of the registers whose number corresponds to set bits in the mask operand are pushed on the stack as longwords. R[n] is pushed if mask <n> is set. The mask is scanned from bit 14 to bit 0. Bit 15 is ignored. 4 REI Purpose: Exit from an exception or interrupt service routine and control the return Format: opcode Operation: tmp1 = (SP)+; tmp2 = (SP)+; if {tmp2<current_mode> LSSU PSL<current_mode>} OR {{tmp2<IS> EQLU 1} AND {PSL<IS> EQLU 0}} OR {{tmp2<IS> EQLU 1} AND {tmp2<current_mode> NEQU 0}} OR {{tmp2<IS> EQLU 1} AND {tmp2<IPL> EQLU 0}} OR {{tmp2<IPL> GRTU 0} AND {tmp2<current_mode> NEQU 0}} OR {tmp2<previous_mode> LSSU tmp2<current_mode>} OR {tmp2<IPL> GTRU PSL<IPL>} OR {tmp2<PSL_MBZ> NEQU 0} then {reserved operand fault}; if {tmp2<CM> EQLU 1} AND {{tmp2<FPD, IS, DV, FU, IV> NEQU 0} OR {tmp2<current_mode> NEQU 3}} then {reserved operand fault}; if PSL<IS> EQLU 1 then ISP = SP else PSL<current_mode>_SP = SP; if PSL<TP> EQLU 1 then tmp2<TP> = 1; PC = tmp1; PSL = tmp2; if PSL<IS> EQLU 0 then begin SP = PSL<current_mode>_SP; if PSL<current_mode> GEQU ASTLVL then {request interrupt at IPL 2}; end; {check for software interrupts} C. Codes: N = {saved PSL<3>}, Z = {saved PSL<2>}, V = {saved PSL<1>}, C = {saved PSL<0>} Exceptions: Reserved operand Opcode: 02 REI Return from exception or interrupt Description: A longword is popped from the current stack and held in a temporary PC. A second longword is popped and held in a temporary PSL. Validity of the popped PSL is checked. The current stack pointer is saved and a new stack is selected according to the new PSL current_mode and IS fields. The level of the highest privilege AST is checked against the current access mode to see whether a pending AST can be delivered. Execution resumes with the instruction being executed at the time of the exception or interrupt. Any instruction lookahead in the CPU is reinitialized. 4 REMQHI Purpose: Remove entry from queue at head, interlocked Format: opcode header.aq,addr.wl Operation: if {removal succeded} then begin N <- 0; Z <- (header) EQL (entry+4);! Queue empty after interval V <- {queue empty before this instruction}; C <- 0; end; else begin N <- 0; Z <- 0; V <- 1; ! Did not remove anything C <- 1; ! Secondary interlock failed end; Exceptions: Reserved operand Opcode: 5E REMQHI Remove entry from queue at head, interlocked Description: If the secondary interlock is clear, the queue entry following the header is removed from the queue and the address operand is replaced by the address of the entry removed. If the queue was empty prior to this instruction, or if the secondary interlock failed, the V-bit is set; otherwise it is cleared. If the interlock succeded and the queue is empty at the end of this instruction, the Z-bit is set; otherwise it is cleared. The removal is a noninterruptable operation. The entire operation is validated before any portion of it is attempted. The queue will be left in a consistent state if a memory management violation occurs. 4 REMQTI Purpose: Remove entry from queue at tail, interlocked Format: opcode header.aq,addr.wl Operation: if {removal succeded} then begin N <- 0; Z <- (header+4) EQL 0; ! Queue empty after removal V <- {queue empty before this instruction}; C <- 0; end; else begin N <- 0; Z <- 0; V <- 1; ! Did not remove anything C <- 1; ! Secondary interlock failed end; Exceptions: Reserved operand Opcode: 5F REMQTI Remove entry from queue at tail, interlocked Description: If the secondary interlock is clear, the queue entry preceding the header is removed from the queue and the address operand is replaced by the address of the entry removed. If the queue was empty prior to this instruction, or if the secondary interlock failed, the V-bit is set; otherwise it is cleared. If the interlock succeded and the queue is empty at the end of this instruction, the Z-bit is set; otherwise it is cleared. The removal is a noninterruptable operation. The entire operation is validated before any portion of it is attempted. The queue will be left in a consistent state if a memory management violation occurs. 4 REMQUE Purpose: Remove entry from head or tail of queue Format: opcode entry.ab,addr.wl Operation: if {all memory accesses can be completed} then begin ((entry+4)) = (entry); ((entry)+4) = (entry+4); addr = entry; end; else begin {backup instruction}; {initiate fault}; end; C. Codes: N = {(entry) LSS (entry+4)}, Z = {(entry) EQL (entry+4)}, V = {entry EQL (entry + 4)}, C = {(entry) LSSU (entry+4)} Exceptions: None Opcode: 0F REMQUE Remove entry from queue Description: The queue entry specified by entry is removed from the queue. The address operand is replaced by the address of the entry removed. If there way no entry in the queue to be removed, the condition code V is set; otherwise it is cleared. The removal is a noninterruptable operation. The entire operation is validated before any part is executed. If a memory management exception occurs the queue is left in a consistent state. 4 RET Purpose: Return from called procedure Format: opcode Operation: {restore SP from FP}; {restore registers}; {drop stack alignment}; {if CALLS, remove arglist}; {restore PSW} C. Codes: N = tmp1<3>, Z = tmp1<2>, V = tmp1<1>, C = tmp1<0> Exceptions: Reserved operand Opcode: 04 RET Return from procedure Description: SP is replaced with FP plus 4. A longword containing stack alignment in bits 31:30, a CALLS/CALLG flag in bit 29, the low 12 bits of the procedure entry mask in bits 27:16 and a saved PSW in bits 15:0 is popped from the stack and saved in a temporary (tmp1). PC, FP and AP are replaced by longwords popped from the stack. A register restore mask is formed from bits 27:16 of tmp1. Scanning from bit 0 to bit 11 of tmp1, the contents of the registers whose numbers are indicated by set bits in the restore mask are replaced by longwords popped from the stack. SP is incremented by bits 31:30 of tmp1. PSW is replaced by bits 15:0 of tmp1. If bit 29 of tmp1 is 1 (indicating a CALLS was used) a longword containing the number of arguments is popped from the stack. Four times the unsigned value of the low byte of this longword is added to SP and SP is replaced by the result. 4 ROTL Purpose: Rotate of integer Format: opcode cnt.rb,src.rl,dst.wl Operation: dst = src rotated cnt bits C. Codes: N = {dst LSS 0}, Z = {dst EQL 0}, V = 0, C = C Exceptions: None Opcode: 9C ROTL Rotate long Description: The source operand is rotated logically by the number of bits specified by the count operand and the destination is replaced by the result. The source operand is unaffected. A positive count rotates to the left, a negative to the right. A 0 count leaves the value unaffected. 4 RSB Purpose: Return from subroutine - return control from subroutine Format: opcode Operation: PC = (SP)+ C. Codes: Not affected Exceptions: None Opcode: 05 RSB Return from subroutine 4 SBWC Purpose: Subtract with carry - perform extended-precision subtraction Format: opcode sub.rl,dif.ml Operation: dif = dif - sub - C C. Codes: N = {dif LSS 0}, Z = {dif EQL 0}, V = {integer overflow}, C = {borrow from MSB} Exceptions: Integer overflow Opcode: D9 SBWC Subtract with carry 4 SCANC Purpose: To find one of a set of characters in a string Format: opcode len.rw,addr.ab,tbladdr.ab,mask.rb Operation: {mask each character until not zero} C. Codes: N = 0, Z = {R0 EQL 0}, Z = 0, C = 0 Exceptions: None Opcode: 2A SCANC Scan characters Description: The bytes of the string specified by addr and len are used to index into a 256 byte table pointed to by tbladdr. The byte selected from the table is ANDed with mask. The operand proceeds until the result of the AND is nonzero or all the bytes of the string have been exhausted. If a nonzero AND result is detected the Z bit is set, otherwise it is cleared. Notes: After execution: R0 = number of bytes remaining in the string (including the byte that produced the nonzero AND result); R0 is 0 only if there was no nonzero result R1 = address of the byte that produced the nonzero AND result, if no nonzero result, address of one byte beyond the string R2 = 0 R3 = address of the table If the string has 0 length, condition code Z is set just as though the entire string were scanned 4 SKPC Purpose: To skip a character in a string Format: opcode char.rb,len.rw,addr.ab Operation: {compare each character until not equal} C. Codes: N = 0, Z = {R0 EQL 0}, Z = 0, C = 0 Exceptions: None Opcode: 3B SKPC Scan characters Description: char is compared with the bytes of the string specified by addr and len. Comparison continues until char does not equal the character in the string or until the string is exhausted. If inequality is detected the Z bit is set, otherwise it is cleared. Notes: After execution: R0 = number of bytes remaining in the string (including the unequal one) if unequal byte located; otherwise 0 R1 = address of the byte located if byte located; othwerwise address of one byte beyond the string If the string has 0 length, condition code Z is set just as though each byte of the entire string were equal to the character 4 SOBGxx Purpose: Subtract one and branch - decrement integer loop count and loop Format: opcode index.ml,displ.bb Operation: index = index - 1; if {{SOBGEQ} and {index GEQ 0}} or {{SOBGTR} and {index GTR 0}} then PC = PC + SEXT (displ) C. Codes: N = {index LSS 0}, Z = {index EQL 0}, V = {integer overflow}, C = C Exceptions: Integer overflow Opcodes: F4 SOBGEQ Subtract one, branch greater or equal F5 SOBGTR Subtract one, branch greater than 4 SPANC Purpose: To skip a set of characters in a string Format: opcode len.rw,addr.ab,tbladdr.ab,mask.rb Operation: {mask each character until zero} C. Codes: N = 0, Z = {R0 EQL 0}, V = 0, C = 0 Exceptions: None Opcode: 2B SPANC Span characters Description: The bytes of the string specified by addr and len are used to index into a 256 byte table pointed to by tbladdr. The byte selected from the table is ANDed with mask. The operand proceeds until the result of the AND is zero or all the bytes of the string have been exhausted. If a zero AND result is detected the Z bit is set, otherwise it is cleared. Notes: After execution: R0 = number of bytes remaining in the string (including the byte that produced the 0 AND result); R0 is 0 only if there was no 0 AND result R1 = address of the byte that produced the 0 AND result, if no nonzero result, address of one byte beyond the string R2 = 0 R3 = address of the table If the string has 0 length, condition code Z is set just as though the entire string were spanned 4 SUBxx Purpose: Perform arithmetic subtraction Format: opcode sub.rx,dif.mx ;2 operand opcode sub.rx,min.rx,dif.wx ;3 operand Operation: dif = dif - sub ;2 operand dif = min - sub ;3 operand C. Codes: N = {dif LSS 0}, Z = {dif EQL 0}, V = {overflow}, C = 0 (floating), C = {borrow from MSB (integer)} Exceptions: Integer/floating overflow, floating underflow, reserved operand Opcodes: 82 SUBB2 Subtract byte 2 operand 83 SUBB3 Subtract byte 3 operand A2 SUBW2 Subtract word 2 operand A3 SUBW3 Subtract word 3 operand C2 SUBL2 Subtract long 2 operand C3 SUBL3 Subtract long 3 operand 42 SUBF2 Subtract F_floating 2 operand 43 SUBF3 Subtract F_floating 3 operand 62 SUBD2 Subtract D_floating 2 operand 63 SUBD3 Subtract D_floating 3 operand 42FD SUBG2 Subtract G_floating 2 operand 43FD SUBG3 Subtract G_floating 3 operand 62FD SUBH2 Subtract H_floating 2 operand 63FD SUBH3 Subtract H_floating 3 operand 4 SUBPx Purpose: Subtract one packed decimal string from a second Format: opcode sublen.rw,subaddr.ab, diflen.rw,difaddr.ab ;4 operand opcode sublen.rw,subaddr.ab,minlen.rw, minaddr.ab,diflen.rw,difaddr.ab ;6 operand Operation: {dif string} = {dif string} - {sub string} ;4 operand {dif string} = {min string} - {sub string} ;6 operand C. Codes: N = {{dif string} LSS 0}, V = {decimal overflow}, Z = {{dif string} EQL 0}, C = 0 Exceptions: Reserved operand, decimal overflow Opcode: 25 SUBP4 Subtract packed 4 operand 23 SUBP6 Subtract packed 6 operand Description: sub as specified by subaddr and sublen is subtracted from dif as specified by difaddr and diflen (in 4 operand form) or min as specified by minaddr and minlen (in 6 operand form) and the result is placed in dif. Notes: After execution of SUBP4: R0 = 0 R1 = address of the byte containing the most-significant digit of the subtrahend string R2 = 0 R3 = address of the byte containing the most-significant digit of the difference string After execution of SUBP6: R0 = 0 R1 = address of the byte containing the most-significant digit of the subtrahend string R2 = 0 R3 = address of the byte containing the most-significant digit of the minuend string R4 = 0 R5 = address of the byte containing the most-significant digit of the difference string 4 SVPCTX Purpose: Save processor context - save register and memory management context Format: opcode Operation: if PSL<current-mode> NEQU 0 then {opcode reserved to Digital fault}; {save process general registers in the process control block}; {remove PSL and PC from stack and save in PCB}; {switch to interrupt stack} C. Codes: Not affected Exceptions: Reserved operand, privileged instruction Opcodes: 07 SVPCTX Load process context Description: The process control block is specified by the internal processor register PCBB (process control block base). The general registers are saved in the PCB. If the current stack in use is the kernel stack, execution is changed to the interrupt stack. 4 TSTx Purpose: Arithmetic compare of a scalar to 0. Format: opcode src.rx Operation: src - 0 C. Codes: N = {src LSS 0}, Z = {src EQL 0}, V = 0, C = 0 Exceptions: None (integer), reserved operand (floating) Opcodes: 95 TSTB Test byte B5 TSTW Test word D5 TSTL Test long 53 TSTF Test F_floating 73 TSTD Test D_floating 53FD TSTG Test G_floating 73FD TSTH Test H_floating Description: The condition codes are affected according to the values of src. 4 XFC Purpose: Extended function call - provides customer-defined extensions to the instruction set Format: opcode Operation: {XFC fault} C. Codes: N = 0, Z = 0, V = 0, C = 0 Exceptions: Opcode reserved to customer, customer reserved exception Opcodes: FC XFC Extended function call Description: This instruction requests services of nonstandard microcode or software. If no special microcode is loaded, then an exception is generated to a kernel mode software simulator. Typically the byte after the XFC would request a specific service. Parameters would be passed either as normal operands or in the registers. 4 XORxx Purpose: Perform logical exclusive OR of two integers Format: opcode mask.rx,dst.mx ;2 operand opcode mask.rx,src.rx,dst.rx ;3 operand Operation: dst = dst XOR mask ;2 operand dst = src XOR mask ;3 operand C. Codes: N = {dst LSS 0}, Z = {dst EQL 0}, V = 0, C = C Exceptions: None Opcodes: 88 XORB2 Exclusive OR byte, 2 operand 89 XORB3 Exclusive OR byte, 3 operand A8 XORW2 Exclusive OR word, 2 operand A9 XORW3 Exclusive OR word, 3 operand C8 XORL2 Exclusive OR long, 2 operand C9 XORL3 Exclusive OR long, 3 operand Description: In 2 operand format, dst is XORed with mask and dst is replaced by the result. In 3 operand format, src is XORed with mask and dst is replaced by the result. 3 Operand_Formats Operands for instructions identify the memory locations or the registers that are used by the machine operation. These operands specify the addressing mode for the instruction. 4 Absolute The address specified is the address of the operand. The address is stored as an absolute virtual address (compare relative mode, where the address is stored as a displacement from the PC). Absolute mode can be used with index mode. @#address address An expression specifying an address. 4 Autodecrement The processor decrements the contents of the register by the size of the operand data type; then the register contains the address of the operand. The processor decrements the register by 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 for byte, word, longword, quadword, or octaword operands, respectively. Autodecrement mode can be used with index mode. -(Rn) -(AP) -(FP) -(SP) n A number in the range of 0 through 12. 4 Autoincrement The register contains the address of the operand. After evaluating the operand address contained in the register, the processor increments the contents of the register by 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 for a byte, word, longword, quadword, or octaword respectively. Autoincrement mode can be used with index mode. (Rn)+ (AP)+ (FP)+ (SP)+ n A number in the range of 0 through 12. 4 Autoincrement_deferred The register contains an address that is the address of the operand address (a pointer to the operand). After evaluating the operand address, the processor increments the contents of the register by 4 (the size in bytes of an address). Autoincrement deferred mode can be used with index mode. @(Rn)+ @(AP)+ @(FP)+ @(SP)+ n A number in the range of 0 through 12 4 Branch The address is stored as an implied displacement from the PC. This mode can be used only in branch instructions. The displacement for conditional branch instructions and the BRB instruction is stored in a byte. The displacement for the BRW instruction is stored in a word (two bytes). A byte displacement allows a range of 127 bytes forward and 128 bytes backward. A word displacement allows a range of 32767 bytes forward and 32768 bytes backward. The displacement is relative to the updated PC, the byte past the byte or word where the displacement is stored. address address An expression that represents an address. 4 Displacement The contents of the register plus the displacement (sign-extended to a longword) produce the address of the operand. Displacement mode can be used with index mode. displ(Rn) displ(AP) displ(FP) displ(SP) n A number in the range of 0 through 12. displ An expression specifying a displacement; the expression can be preceded by one of the following displacement length specifiers, which indicate the number of bytes needed to store the displacement. B^ Displacement requires one byte. W^ Displacement requires one word (two bytes). L^ Displacement requires one longword (four bytes). If no displacement length specifier precedes the expression, and the value of the expression is known, the assembler chooses the smallest number of bytes (one, two, or four) needed to store the displacement. If no length specifier precedes the expression, and the value of the expression is unknown, the assembler reserves one word (two bytes) for the displacement. Note that if the displacement is either relocatable or defined later in the source program, the assembler considers it unknown. If the actual displacement does not fit in the memory reserved, the Linker displays an error message. 4 Displacement_deferred The contents of the register plus the displacement (sign-extended to a longword) produce the address of the operand address (a pointer to the operand). Displacement deferred mode can be used with index mode. @displ(Rn) @displ(AP) @displ(FP) @displ(SP) n A number in the range of 0 through 12. displ An expression specifying a displacement; the expression can be preceded by one of the following displacement length specifiers, which indicate the number of bytes needed to store the displacement. B^ Displacement requires one byte. W^ Displacement requires one word (two bytes). L^ Displacement requires one longword (four bytes). If no displacement length specifier precedes the expression, and the value of the expression is known, the assembler chooses the smallest number of bytes (one, two, or four) needed to store the displacement. If no length specifier precedes the expression, and the value of the expression is unknown, the assembler reserves one word (two bytes) for the displacement. Note that if the displacement is either relocatable or defined later in the source program, the assembler considers it unknown. If the actual displacement does not fit in the memory reserved, the Linker displays an error message. 4 General The address you specify is the address of the operand. The Linker converts the addressing mode to either relative or absolute mode. If the address is relocatable, the Linker converts general mode to relative mode. If the address is absolute, the Linker converts general mode to absolute mode. You should use general mode to write position-independent code when you do not know whether the address is relocatable or absolute. A general addressing mode operand requires five bytes of storage. You can use general mode with index mode. G^address address An expression specifying an address. 4 Immediate_or_Literal In both immediate and literal mode, the literal specified is the operand. In immediate mode, the operand is stored in a byte, word, or longword following the operand specifier. In literal mode, the operand specifier is the operand. #literal The assembler selects immediate or literal mode, depending on the value of the literal. ^I#literal This forces immediate mode. ^S#literal This forces literal mode. The value of the literal must be an integer in the range 0 through 63, or one of a limited set of floating-point numbers. 4 Indexed Index mode is a general register mode that can be used only in combination with another mode (the base mode). The base mode can be any addressing mode except register, immediate, literal, index, or branch. The assembler first evaluates the base mode to get the base address. To get the operand address, the assembler multiplies the contents of the index register by the number of bytes of the operand data type, then adds the result to the base address. base-mode[Rx] base-mode[AP] base-mode[FP] base-mode[SP] base-mode Any addressing mode except register, immediate, literal, index, or branch, specifying the base address. x A number in the range 0 through 12, specifying the index register. 4 Register The register contains the operand. Rn AP FP SP n A number in the range 0-12. For quadword, D_floating, G_floating, or variable-bit field operands, the operand is the contents of register n concatenated with the contents of register n+1. For octaword and H_floating operands, the operand is the contents of register n concatenated with the contents of registers n+1, n+2, and n+3. In each of these cases, the least significant bytes of the operand are in register n and the most significant bytes are in the highest register used. The results of the operation are unpredictable if PC is used in register mode or if the use of a large data type extends the operand into the PC. 4 Register_deferred The register contains the address of the operand. Register deferred mode can be used with index mode. (Rn) (AP) (FP) (SP) n A number in the range of 0 through 12. 4 Relative The address specified is the address of the operand. The assembler stores the address as a displacement from the PC. Relative mode can be used with index mode. address address An expression specifying an address; the expression can be preceded by one of the following displacement length specifiers, which indicate the number of bytes needed to store the displacement. B^ Displacement requires one byte. W^ Displacement requires one word (two bytes). L^ Displacement requires one longword (four bytes). If no displacement length specifier precedes the address expression, and the value of the expression is known, the assembler chooses the smallest number of bytes (one, two, or four) needed to store the displacement. If no length specifier precedes the address expression, and the value of the expression is unknown, the assembler uses the default displacement length. If the address expression is either defined later in the program or defined in another program section, the assembler considers the value unknown. 4 Relative_deferred The address specified is the address of the operand address (a pointer to the operand). The assembler stores the address specified as a displacement from the PC. Relative deferred mode can be used with index mode. @address address An expression specifying an address; the expression can be preceded by one of the following displacement length specifiers, which indicate the number of bytes needed to store the displacement. B^ Displacement requires one byte. W^ Displacement requires one word (two bytes). L^ Displacement requires one longword (four bytes). If no displacement length specifier precedes the address expression, and the value of the expression is known, the assembler chooses the smallest number of bytes (one, two, or four) needed to store the displacement. If no length specifier precedes the address expression, and the value of the expression is unknown, the assembler uses the default displacement length. If the address expression is either defined later in the program or defined in another program section, the assembler considers the value unknown. 3 Vector_Instructions 4 Assembler_Notation The assembler notation uses a format that is different from the operand specifiers for the vector instructions. The number and order of operands is not the same as the instruction-stream format. For example, vector-to-vector addition is denoted by the assembler as "VVADDL V1, V2, V3" instead of "VVADDL X123". The assembler always generates immediate addressing mode (I#constant) for vector control word operands. The assembler notation for vector instructions uses opcode qualifiers to select whether vector processor exception conditions are enabled or disabled, and to select the value of cntrl<MTF> in masked, VMERGE, and IOTA operations. The appropriate opcode is followed by a slash (/). The following qualifiers are supported: o The qualifier U enables floating underflow. The qualifier V enables integer overflow. Both of these qualifiers set cntrl<EXC>. The default is no vector processor exception conditions are enabled. o The qualifier 0 denotes masked operation on elements for which the Vector Mask Register (VMR) bit is 0. The qualifier 1 denotes masked operation on elements for which the VMR bit is 1. Both qualifiers set cntrl<MOE>. The default is no masked operations. o For the VMERGE and IOTA instructions only, the qualifier 0 denotes cntrl<MTF> is 0. The qualifier 1 denotes cntrl<MTF> is 1. Cntrl<MTF> is 1 by default. Cntrl<MOE> is not set in this case. o For the VLD and VGATH instructions only, the qualifier M indicates modify intent (cntrl<MI> is 1). The default is no modify intent (cntrl<MI> is 0). The following examples use several of these qualifiers: VVADDF/1 V0, V1, V2 ;Operates on elements with mask bit set VVMULD/0 V0, V1, V2 ;Operates on elements with mask bit clear VVADDL/V V0, V1, V2 ;Enables exception conditions (integer overflow here) VVSUBG/U0 V0, V1, V2 ;Enables floating underflow and ;Operates on elements with mask bit clear VLDL/M base,#4,V1 ;Indicates Modify Intent 4 IOTA Generate Compressed Iota Vector Format: IOTA [/0|1] stride, Vc Architecture Format opcode cntrl.rw, stride.rl opcodes EDFD IOTA Generate Compressed Iota Vector vector_control_word 1 1 1 1 1 5 4 3 2 1 8 7 4 3 0 +-+-+-+-+-------+-------+-------+ | |M| | | | | | |0|T|0|0| 0 | 0 | Vc | | |F| | | | | | +-+-+-+-+-------+-------+-------+ exceptions None. operation j <- 0 tmp <- 0 FOR i <- 0 TO VLR-1 BEGIN IF {VMR<i> EQL MTF} THEN BEGIN Vc[j]<31:0> <- tmp<31:0> j <- j + 1 END tmp <- tmp + stride END VCR <- j !return vector count 4 MFVP Move from Vector Processor Format: { MFVCR } { MFVLR } { MFVMRLO } { } dst { MFVMRHI } { SYNCH } { MSYNCH } { } Architecture Format opcode regnum.rw, dst.wl opcodes 31FD MFVP Move from Vector Processor vector_control_word None. exceptions None. operation CASE regnum OF 0: dst <- ZEXT{VCR} 1: dst <- ZEXT{VLR} 2: dst <- VMR<31:0> 3: dst <- VMR<63:32> 4: SYNC dst <- UNPREDICTABLE 5: MSYNC dst <- UNPREDICTABLE >5: Reserved END MFVP instructions that specify reserved values of the regnum operand produce UNPREDICTABLE results. 4 MTVP Move to Vector Processor Format: { MTVCR } { MTVLR } { MTVMRLO } src { } { MTVMRHI } Architecture Format opcode regnum.rw, src.rl opcodes A9FD MTVP Move to Vector Processor vector_control_word None. exceptions None. operation CASE regnum OF 0: VCR <- src 1: VLR <- src 2: VMR<31:0> <- src 3: VMR<63:32> <- src >3: Reserved END Move to Vector Processor instructions that specify reserved values of the regnum operand produce UNPREDICTABLE results. 4 VADD Vector Floating Add Format: vector + vector: { VVADDF } { VVADDD } [/U[0|1]] Va, Vb, Vc { VVADDG } { } scalar + vector: { VSADDF } { VSADDD } [/U[0|1]] scalar, Vb, Vc { VSADDG } { } Architecture Format vector + vector: opcode cntrl.rw scalar + vector (F_floating): opcode cntrl.rw, addend.rl scalar + vector (D_ and G_floating): opcode cntrl.rw, addend.rq opcodes 84FD VVADDF Vector Vector Add F_Floating 85FD VSADDF Vector Scalar Add F_Floating 86FD VVADDD Vector Vector Add D_Floating 87FD VSADDD Vector Scalar Add D_Floating 82FD VVADDG Vector Vector Add G_Floating 83FD VSADDG Vector Scalar Add G_Floating vector_control_word 1 1 1 1 1 5 4 3 2 1 8 7 4 3 0 +-+-+-+-+-------+-------+-------+ |M|M|E| | Va | | | |O|T|X|0| or | Vb | Vc | |E|F|C| | 0 | | | +-+-+-+-+-------+-------+-------+ exceptions floating overflow floating reserved operand floating underflow operation FOR i <- 0 TO VLR-1 IF {{MOE EQL 0} OR {{MOE EQL 1} AND {VMR<i> EQL BEGIN IF VVADDF THEN Vc[i]<31:0> <- Va[i]<31:0> + Vb[i]<31:0> IF VSADDF THEN Vc[i]<31:0> <- addend + Vb[i]<31:0> IF VVADDD OR VVADDG THEN Vc[i] <- Va[i] + Vb[i] IF VSADDD OR VSADDG THEN Vc[i] <- addend + Vb[i] END 4 VADDL Vector Integer Add Format: vector + vector: VVADDL [/0|1] Va, Vb, Vc scalar + vector: VSADDL [/0|1] scalar, Vb, Vc Architecture Format vector + vector: opcode cntrl.rw scalar + vector: opcode cntrl.rw, addend.rl opcodes 80FD VVADDL Vector Vector Add Longword 81FD VSADDL Vector Scalar Add Longword vector_control_word 1 1 1 1 1 5 4 3 2 1 8 7 4 3 0 +-+-+-+-+-------+-------+-------+ |M|M|E| | Va | | | |O|T|X|0| or | Vb | Vc | |E|F|C| | 0 | | | +-+-+-+-+-------+-------+-------+ exceptions integer overflow operation FOR i <- 0 TO VLR-1 IF {{MOE EQL 0} OR {{MOE EQL 1} AND {VMR<i> EQL MTF}}} THEN BEGIN IF VVADDL THEN Vc[i]<31:0> <- Va[i]<31:0> + Vb[i]<31:0> IF VSADDL THEN Vc[i]<31:0> <- addend + Vb[i]<31:0> END 4 VBIC,_VBIS,_and_VXOR Vector Logical Functions Format: vector op vector: { VVBISL } { VVXORL } [/V[0|1]] Va, Vb, Vc { VVBICL } { } vector op scalar: { VSBISL } { VSXORL } [/V[0|1]] scalar, Vb, Vc { VSBICL } { } Architecture Format vector op vector: opcode cntrl.rw vector op scalar: opcode cntrl.rw, src.rl opcodes C8FD VVBISL Vector Vector Bit Set Longword E8FD VVXORL Vector Vector Exclusive-OR Longword CCFD VVBICL Vector Vector Bit Clear Longword C9FD VSBISL Vector Scalar Bit Set Longword E9FD VSXORL Vector Scalar Exclusive-OR Longword CDFD VSBICL Vector Scalar Bit Clear Longword vector_control_word 1 1 1 1 1 5 4 3 2 1 8 7 4 3 0 +-+-+-+-+-------+-------+-------+ |M|M| | | Va | | | |O|T|0|0| or | Vb | Vc | |E|F| | | 0 | | | +-+-+-+-+-------+-------+-------+ exceptions None. operation FOR i <- 0 TO VLR-1 IF {{MOE EQL 0} OR {{MOE EQL 1} AND {VMR<i> EQL MTF}}} THEN BEGIN IF VVBISL THEN Vc[i]<31:0> <- Va[i]<31:0> OR Vb[i]<31:0> IF VSBISL THEN Vc[i]<31:0> <- src OR Vb[i]<31:0> IF VVXORL THEN Vc[i]<31:0> <- Va[i]<31:0> XOR Vb[i]<31:0> IF VSXORL THEN Vc[i]<31:0> <- src XOR Vb[i]<31:0> IF VVBICL THEN Vc[i]<31:0> <- {NOT Va[i]<31:0>} AND Vb[i]<31:0> IF VSBICL THEN Vc[i]<31:0> <- {NOT src} AND Vb[i]<31:0> Vc[i]<63:32> <- Vb[i]<63:32> END 4 VCMP Vector Floating Compare Format: { VVGTRF } { VVGTRD } { VVGTRG } { } { VVEQLF } { VVEQLD } { VVEQLG } { } { VVLSSF } { VVLSSD } { VVLSSG } vector - vector: { } [/U[0|1]] Va, Vb { VVLEQF } { VVLEQD } { VVLEQG } { } { VVNEQF } { VVNEQD } { VVNEQG } { } { VVGEQF } { VVGEQD } { VVGEQG } { } { VSGTRF } { VSGTRD } { VSGTRG } { } { VSEQLF } { VSEQLD } { VSEQLG } { } { VSLSSF } { VSLSSD } { VSLSSG } scalar - vector: { } [/U[0|1]] src, Vb { VSLEQF } { VSLEQD } { VSLEQG } { } { VSNEQF } { VSNEQD } { VSNEQG } { } { VSGEQF } { VSGEQD } { VSGEQG } { } Architecture Format vector - vector: opcode cntrl.rw scalar - vector (F_floating): opcode cntrl.rw, src.rl scalar - vector (D_ and G_floating): opcode cntrl.rw, src.rq opcodes C4FD VVCMPF Vector Vector Compare F_floating C5FD VSCMPF Vector Scalar Compare F_floating C6FD VVCMPD Vector Vector Compare D_floating C7FD VSCMPD Vector Scalar Compare D_floating C2FD VVCMPG Vector Vector Compare G_floating C3FD VSCMPG Vector Scalar Compare G_floating vector_control_word 1 1 1 1 1 5 4 3 2 1 8 7 4 3 0 +-+-+-+-+-------+-------+-------+ |M|M| | | Va | | cmp | |O|T|0|0| or | Vb | func | |E|F| | | 0 | | | +-+-+-+-+-------+-------+-------+ The condition being tested is determined by cntrl<2:0>, as follows: Value of cntrl<2:0> Meaning 0 Greater than 1 Equal 2 Less than 3 Reserved 4 Less than or equal 5 Not equal 6 Greater than or equal 7 Reserved NOTE Cntrl<3> should be zero; if it is set, the results of the instruction are UNPREDICTABLE. exceptions floating reserved operand operation FOR i <- 0 TO VLR-1 IF {{MOE EQL 0} OR {{MOE EQL 1} AND {VMR<i> EQL MTF}}} THEN BEGIN IF VVCMPF THEN IF Va[i]<31:0> SIGNED_RELATION Vb[i]<31:0> THEN VMR<i> <- 1 ELSE VMR<i> <- 0 IF VVCMPD OR VVCMPG THEN IF Va[i] SIGNED_RELATION Vb[i] THEN VMR<i> <- 1 ELSE VMR<i> <- 0 IF VSCMPF THEN IF src SIGNED_RELATION Vb[i]<31:0> THEN VMR<i> <- 1 ELSE VMR<i> <- 0 IF VSCMPD OR VSCMPG THEN IF src SIGNED_RELATION Vb[i] THEN VMR<i> <- 1 ELSE VMR<i> <- 0 END 4 VCMPL Vector Integer Compare Format: vector - vector: { VVGTRL } { VVEQLL } { VVLSSL } { } [/0|1] Va, Vb { VVLEQL } { VVNEQL } { VVGEQL } { } scalar - vector: { VSGTRL } { VSEQLL } { VSLSSL } { } [/0|1] src, Vb { VSLEQL } { VSNEQL } { VSGEQL } { } Architecture Format vector + vector: opcode cntrl.rw scalar + vector: opcode cntrl.rw, addend.rl opcodes 80FD VVADDL Vector Vector Add Longword 81FD VSADDL Vector Scalar Add Longword vector_control_word 1 1 1 1 1 5 4 3 2 1 8 7 4 3 0 +-+-+-+-+-------+-------+-------+ |M|M|E| | Va | | | |O|T|X|0| or | Vb | Vc | |E|F|C| | 0 | | | +-+-+-+-+-------+-------+-------+ exceptions integer overflow operation FOR i <- 0 TO VLR-1 IF {{MOE EQL 0} OR {{MOE EQL 1} AND {VMR<i> EQL MTF}}} THEN BEGIN IF VVADDL THEN Vc[i]<31:0> <- Va[i]<31:0> + Vb[i]<31:0> IF VSADDL THEN Vc[i]<31:0> <- addend + Vb[i]<31:0> END 4 VDIV Vector Floating Divide Format: vector/vector: { VVDIVF } { VVDIVD } [/U[0|1]] Va, Vb, Vc { VVDIVG } { } scalar/vector: { VSDIVF } { VSDIVD } [/U[0|1]] scalar, Vb, Vc { VSDIVG } { } Architecture Format vector/vector: opcode cntrl.rw scalar/vector (F_floating): opcode cntrl.rw, divd.rl scalar/vector (D_ and G_floating): opcode cntrl.rw, divd.rq opcodes ACFD VVDIVF Vector Vector Divide F_floating ADFD VSDIVF Vector Scalar Divide F_floating AEFD VVDIVD Vector Vector Divide D_floating AFFD VSDIVD Vector Scalar Divide D_floating AAFD VVDIVG Vector Vector Divide G_floating ABFD VSDIVG Vector Scalar Divide G_floating vector_control_word 1 1 1 1 1 5 4 3 2 1 8 7 4 3 0 +-+-+-+-+-------+-------+-------+ |M|M|E| | Va | | | |O|T|X|0| or | Vb | Vc | |E|F|C| | 0 | | | +-+-+-+-+-------+-------+-------+ exceptions floating divide by zero floating overflow floating reserved operand floating underflow operation FOR i <- 0 TO VLR-1 IF {{MOE EQL 0} OR {{MOE EQL 1} AND {VMR<i> EQL MTF}}} THEN BEGIN IF VVDIVF THEN Vc[i]<31:0> <- Va[i]<31:0> / Vb[i]<31:0> IF VSDIVF THEN Vc[i]<31:0> <- divd / Vb[i]<31:0> IF VVDIVD OR VVDIVG THEN Vc[i] <- Va[i] / Vb[i] IF VSDIVD OR VSDIVG THEN Vc[i] <- divd / Vb[i] END 4 VGATH Gather Memory Data into Vector Register Format: VGATHL [/M[0|1]] base, Vb, Vc VGATHQ [/M[0|1]] base, Vb, Vc Architecture Format opcode cntrl.rw, base.ab opcodes 35FD VGATHL Gather Longword Vector from Memory to Vector Register 37FD VGATHQ Gather Quadword Vector from Memory to Vector Register vector_control_word 1 1 1 1 1 5 4 3 2 1 8 7 4 3 0 +-+-+-+-+-------+-------+-------+ |M|M|M| | | | | |O|T|I|0| 0 | Vb | Vc | |E|F| | | | | | +-+-+-+-+-------+-------+-------+ exceptions access control violation translation not valid vector alignment operation FOR i <- 0 TO VLR-1 BEGIN addr <- base + Vb[i]<31:0> IF {{MOE EQL 0} OR {{MOE EQL 1} AND {VMR<i> EQL MTF}}} THEN BEGIN IF {addr unaligned} THEN {Vector Alignment Exception} IF VGATHL THEN Vc[i] <- (addr)<31:0> IF VGATHQ THEN Vc[i] <- (addr)<63:0> END END 4 VLD Load Memory Data into Vector Register Format: VLDL [/M[0|1]] base, stride, Vc VLDQ [/M[0|1]] base, stride, Vc Architecture Format opcode cntrl.rw, base.ab, stride.rl opcodes 34FD VLDL Load Longword Vector from Memory to Vector Register 36FD VLDQ Load Quadword Vector from Memory to Vector Register vector control word 1 1 1 1 1 5 4 3 2 1 8 7 4 3 0 +-+-+-+-+-------+-------+-------+ |M|M|M| | | | | |O|T|I|0| 0 | 0 | Vc | |E|F| | | | | | +-+-+-+-+-------+-------+-------+ exceptions access control violation translation not valid vector alignment operation addr <- base FOR i <- 0 TO VLR-1 BEGIN IF {{MOE EQL 0} OR {{MOE EQL 1} AND {VMR<i> EQL MTF}}} THEN BEGIN IF {addr unaligned} THEN {Vector Alignment Exception} IF VLDL THEN Vc[i] <- (addr)<31:0> IF VLDQ THEN Vc[i] <- (addr)<63:0> END addr <- addr + stride !Increment by stride END 4 VMERGE Vector Merge Format: vector vector merge: VVMERGE [/0|1] Va, Vb, Vc vector scalar merge: { VSMERGE } { VSMERGEF } { VSMERGED } [/0|1] src, Vb, Vc { } { VSMERGEG } Architecture Format vector-vector: opcode cntrl.rw vector-scalar: opcode cntrl.rw,src.rq opcodes EEFD VVMERGE Vector Vector Merge EFFD VSMERGE Vector Scalar Merge vector_control_word 1 1 1 1 1 5 4 3 2 1 8 7 4 3 0 +-+-+-+-+-------+-------+-------+ | |M| | | Va | | | |0|T|0|0| or | Vb | Vc | | |F| | | 0 | | | +-+-+-+-+-------+-------+-------+ exceptions None. operation FOR i <- 0 TO VLR-1 BEGIN IF VVMERGE THEN IF {VMR<i> EQL MTF} THEN Vc[i] <- Va[i] ELSE Vc[i] <- Vb[i] IF VSMERGE THEN IF {VMR<i> EQL MTF} THEN Vc[i] <- src ELSE Vc[i] <- Vb[i] END 4 VMUL Vector Floating Multiply Format: vector * vector: { VVMULF } { VVMULD } [/U[0|1]] Va, Vb, Vc { VVMULG } { } scalar * vector: { VSMULF } { VSMULD } [/U[0|1]] scalar, Vb, Vc { VSMULG } { } Architecture Format vector * vector: opcode cntrl.rw scalar * vector (F_floating): opcode cntrl.rw, mulr.rl scalar * vector (D_ and G_floating): opcode cntrl.rw, mulr.rq opcodes A4FD VVMULF Vector Vector Multiply F_floating A5FD VSMULF Vector Scalar Multiply F_floating A6FD VVMULD Vector Vector Multiply F_floating A7FD VSMULD Vector Scalar Multiply D_floating A2FD VVMULG Vector Vector Multiply G_floating A3FD VSMULG Vector Scalar Multiply G_floating vector_control_word 1 1 1 1 1 5 4 3 2 1 8 7 4 3 0 +-+-+-+-+-------+-------+-------+ |M|M|E| | Va | | | |O|T|X|0| or | Vb | Vc | |E|F|C| | 0 | | | +-+-+-+-+-------+-------+-------+ exceptions floating overflow floating reserved operand floating underflow operation FOR i <- 0 TO VLR-1 IF {{MOE EQL 0} OR {{MOE EQL 1} AND {VMR<i> EQL MTF}}} THEN BEGIN IF VVMULF THEN Vc[i]<31:0> <- Va[i]<31:0> * Vb[i]<31:0> IF VSMULF THEN Vc[i]<31:0> <- mulr * Vb[i]<31:0> IF VVMULD OR VVMULG THEN Vc[i] <- Va[i] * Vb[i] IF VSMULD OR VSMULG THEN Vc[i] <- mulr * Vb[i] END 4 VMULL Vector Integer Multiply Format: vector * vector: VVMULL [/V[0|1]] Va, Vb, Vc scalar * vector: VSMULL [/V[0|1]] scalar, Vb, Vc Architecture Format vector * vector: opcode cntrl.rw scalar * vector: opcode cntrl.rw, mulr.rl opcodes A0FD VVMULL Vector Vector Multiply Longword A1FD VSMULL Vector Scalar Multiply Longword vector_control_word 1 1 1 1 1 5 4 3 2 1 8 7 4 3 0 +-+-+-+-+-------+-------+-------+ |M|M|E| | Va | | | |O|T|X|0| or | Vb | Vc | |E|F|C| | 0 | | | +-+-+-+-+-------+-------+-------+ exceptions integer overflow operation FOR i <- 0 TO VLR-1 IF {{MOE EQL 0} OR {{MOE EQL 1} AND {VMR<i> EQL MTF}}} THEN BEGIN IF VVMULL THEN Vc[i]<31:0> <- Va[i]<31:0> * Vb[i]<31:0> IF VSMULL THEN Vc[i]<31:0> <- mulr * Vb[i]<31:0> END 4 VSCAT Scatter Vector Register Data into Memory Format: VSCATL [/0|1] Vc, base, Vb VSCATQ [/0|1] Vc, base, Vb Architecture Format opcode cntrl.rw, base.ab opcodes 9DFD VSCATL Scatter Longword Vector from Vector Register to Memory 9FFD VSCATQ Scatter Quadword Vector from Vector Register to Memory vector_control_word 1 1 1 1 1 5 4 3 2 1 8 7 4 3 0 +-+-+-+-+-------+-------+-------+ |M|M| | | | | | |O|T|0|0| 0 | Vb | Vc | |E|F| | | | | | +-+-+-+-+-------+-------+-------+ exceptions access control violation translation not valid vector alignment modify operation FOR i <- 0 TO VLR-1 BEGIN addr <- base + Vb[i]<31:0> IF {{MOE EQL 0} OR {{MOE EQL 1} AND {VMR<i> EQL MTF}}} THEN BEGIN IF {addr unaligned} THEN {Vector Alignment Exception} IF VSCATL THEN (addr)<31:0> <- Vc[i]<31:0> IF VSCATQ THEN (addr)<63:0> <- Vc[i] END END 4 VSL Vector Shift Logical Format: vector shift count: { VVSRLL } { VVSLLL } [/V[0|1]] Va, Vb, Vc { } scalar shift count: { VSSRLL } { VSSLLL } [/V[0|1]] cnt, Vb, Vc { } Architecture Format vector shift count: opcode cntrl.rw scalar shift count: opcode cntrl.rw, cnt.rl opcodes E0FD VVSRLL Vector Vector Shift Right Logical Longword E4FD VVSLLL Vector Vector Shift Left Logical Longword E1FD VSSRLL Vector Scalar Shift Right Logical Longword E5FD VSSLLL Vector Scalar Shift Left Logical Longword vector_control_word 1 1 1 1 1 5 4 3 2 1 8 7 4 3 0 +-+-+-+-+-------+-------+-------+ |M|M| | | Va | | | |O|T|0|0| or | Vb | Vc | |E|F| | | 0 | | | +-+-+-+-+-------+-------+-------+ exceptions None. operation FOR i <- 0 TO VLR-1 IF {{MOE EQL 0} OR {{MOE EQL 1} AND {VMR<i> EQL MTF}}} THEN BEGIN IF VVSRLL THEN Vc[i]<31:0> <- RIGHT_SHIFT(Vb[i]<31:0>, Va[i]<4:0>) IF VVSLLL THEN Vc[i]<31:0> <- LEFT_SHIFT(Vb[i]<31:0>, Va[i]<4:0>) IF VSSRLL THEN Vc[i]<31:0> <- RIGHT_SHIFT(Vb[i]<31:0>, cnt<4:0>) IF VSSLLL THEN Vc[i]<31:0> <- LEFT_SHIFT(Vb[i]<31:0>, cnt<4:0>) END 4 VST Store Vector Register Data into Memory Format: VSTL [/0|1] Vc, base, stride VSTQ [/0|1] Vc, base, stride Architecture Format opcode cntrl.rw, base.ab, stride.rl opcodes 9CFD VSTL Store Longword Vector from Vector Register to Memory 9EFD VSTQ Store Quadword Vector from Vector Register to Memory vector_control_word 1 1 1 1 1 5 4 3 2 1 8 7 4 3 0 +-+-+-+-+-------+-------+-------+ |M|M| | | | | | |O|T|0|0| 0 | 0 | Vc | |E|F| | | | | | +-+-+-+-+-------+-------+-------+ exceptions access control violation translation not valid vector alignment modify operation addr <- base FOR i <- 0 TO VLR-1 BEGIN IF {{MOE EQL 0} OR {{MOE EQL 1} AND {VMR<i> EQL MTF}}} THEN BEGIN IF {addr unaligned} THEN {Vector Alignment Exception} IF VSTL THEN (addr)<31:0> <- Vc[i]<31:0> IF VSTQ THEN (addr)<63:0> <- Vc[i] END addr <- addr + stride !Increment by stride END 4 VSUB Vector Floating Subtract Format: vector - vector: { VVSUBF } { VVSUBD } [/U[0|1]] Va, Vb, Vc { VVSUBG } { } scalar - vector: { VSSUBF } { VSSUBD } [/U[0|1]] scalar, Vb, Vc { VSSUBG } { } Architecture Format vector - vector: opcode cntrl.rw scalar - vector (F_floating): opcode cntrl.rw, min.rl scalar - vector (D_ and G_floating): opcode cntrl.rw, min.rq opcodes 8CFD VVSUBF Vector Vector Subtract F_floating 8DFD VSSUBF Vector Scalar Subtract F_floating 8EFD VVSUBD Vector Vector Subtract D_floating 8FFD VSSUBD Vector Scalar Subtract D_floating 8AFD VVSUBG Vector Vector Subtract G_floating 8BFD VSSUBG Vector Scalar Subtract G_floating vector_control_word 1 1 1 1 1 5 4 3 2 1 8 7 4 3 0 +-+-+-+-+-------+-------+-------+ |M|M|E| | Va | | | |O|T|X|0| or | Vb | Vc | |E|F|C| | 0 | | | +-+-+-+-+-------+-------+-------+ exceptions floating overflow floating reserved operand floating underflow operation FOR i <- 0 TO VLR-1 IF {{MOE EQL 0} OR {{MOE EQL 1} AND {VMR<i> EQL MTF}}} THEN BEGIN IF VVSUBF THEN Vc[i]<31:0> <- Va[i]<31:0> - Vb[i]<31:0> IF VSSUBF THEN Vc[i]<31:0> <- min - Vb[i]<31:0> IF VVSUBD OR VVSUBG THEN Vc[i] <- Va[i] - Vb[i] IF VSSUBD OR VSSUBG THEN Vc[i] <- min - Vb[i] END 4 VSUBL Vector Integer Subtract Format: vector - vector: VVSUBL [/V[0|1]] Va, Vb, Vc scalar - vector: VSSUBL [/V[0|1]] scalar, Vb, Vc Architecture Format vector - vector: opcode cntrl.rw scalar - vector: opcode cntrl.rw, min.rl opcodes 88FD VVSUBL Vector Vector Subtract Longword 89FD VSSUBL Vector Scalar Subtract Longword vector_control_word 1 1 1 1 1 5 4 3 2 1 8 7 4 3 0 +-+-+-+-+-------+-------+-------+ |M|M|E| | Va | | | |O|T|X|0| or | Vb | Vc | |E|F|C| | 0 | | | +-+-+-+-+-------+-------+-------+ exceptions integer overflow operation FOR i <- 0 TO VLR-1 IF {{MOE EQL 0} OR {{MOE EQL 1} AND {VMR<i> EQL MTF}}} THEN BEGIN IF VVSUBL THEN Vc[i]<31:0> <- Va[i]<31:0> - Vb[i]<31:0> IF VSSUBL THEN Vc[i]<31:0> <- min - Vb[i]<31:0> END 4 VSYNC Synchronize Vector Memory Access Format: VSYNCH Architecture Format opcode regnum.rw opcodes A8FD VSYNC Synchronize Vector Memory Access vector_control_word None. exceptions None. operation CASE regnum 0: VSYNC >0: Reserved END Synchronize Vector Memory Access instructions that specify reserved values of the regnum operand produce UNPREDICTABLE results. 4 VVCVT Vector Convert Format: { VVCVTLF } { VVCVTLD } { VVCVTLG } { } { VVCVTFL } { VVCVTRFL } { VVCVTFD } { } { VVCVTFG } [/U[0|1]] Vb, Vc { VVCVTDL } { VVCVTDF } { } { VVCVTRDL } { VVCVTGL } { VVCVTGF } { } { VVCVTRGL } Architecture Format opcode cntrl.rw opcodes ECFD VVCVT Vector Convert vector_control_word 1 1 1 1 1 5 4 3 2 1 8 7 4 3 0 +-+-+-+-+-------+-------+-------+ |M|M|E| | cvt | | | |O|T|X|0| func | Vb | Vc | |E|F|C| | | | | +-+-+-+-+-------+-------+-------+ Cntrl<11:8> specifies the conversion to be performed, as follows: cntrl<11:8> Meaning 1 1 1 1 CVTRGL (Convert Rounded G_Floating to Longword) 1 1 1 0 Reserved 1 1 0 1 CVTGF (Convert Rounded G_Floating to F_Floating) 1 1 0 0 CVTGL (Convert Truncated G_Floating to Longword) 1 0 1 1 Reserved 1 0 1 0 CVTRD (Convert Rounded D_Floating to Longword) 1 0 0 1 CVTDF (Convert Rounded D_Floating to F_Floating) 1 0 0 0 CVTDL (Convert Truncated D_Floating to Longword) 0 1 1 1 CVTFG (Convert F_Floating to G_Floating (exact)) 0 1 1 0 CVTFD (Convert F_Floating to D_Floating (exact)) 0 1 0 1 CVTRF (Convert Rounded F_Floating to Longword) 0 1 0 0 CVTFL (Convert Truncated F_Floating to Longword) 0 0 1 1 CVTLG (Convert Longword to G_Floating (exact)) 0 0 1 0 CVTLD (Convert Longword to D_Floating (exact)) 0 0 0 1 CVTLF (Convert Rounded Longword to F_Floating) 0 0 0 0 Reserved exceptions floating overflow floating reserved operand floating underflow integer overflow operation FOR i <- 0 TO VLR-1 IF {{MOE EQL 0} OR {{MOE EQL 1} AND {VMR<i> EQL MTF}}} THEN Vc[i] <- {conversion of Vb[i]} 3 Examples 1.$ MACRO/LIST CYGNUS, LYRA/OBJECT=LYRAN + MYLIB/LIBRARY In this example, the MACRO command requests two separate assemblies. Using MAR as the default file type, MACRO assembles CYGNUS.MAR to produce CYGNUS.LIS and CYGNUS.OBJ. Then it assembles LYRA.MAR and creates a listing file named LYRA.LIS and an object module named LYRAN.OBJ. The default output file type for a listing is LIS. The command requests the search of the MYLIB library file in the current directory for macro definitions. 2.$ MACRO ORION MACRO assembles the file ORION.MAR and creates an object file named ORION.OBJ. Executing the command in a batch job causes MACRO to create a listing file named ORION.LIS. 3.$ MACRO ALPHA/LIST+MYLIB/LIBRARY- _$ + [TEST]OLDLIB/LIBRARY + []BETA $ PRINT ALPHA MACRO concatenates the files ALPHA.MAR and BETA.MAR to produce an object file named ALPHA.OBJ and a listing file named ALPHA.LIS. The command line requests the search of libraries MYLIB.MLB (in the current default directory) and OLDLIB.MLB (in the directory [TEST]) for macro definitions. When macro calls are found in BETA.MAR, MACRO searches the libraries OLDLIB, MYLIB, and the system library STARLET.MLB, in that order, for the definitions. The PRINT command prints the listing file ALPHA.LIS. 4.$ MACRO DELTA+TESTLIB/LIBRARY, ALPHA+MYLIB/LIBRARY MACRO requests two separate assemblies. MACRO searches TESTLIB.MLB and the system library STARLET.MLB for macro definitions when macro calls are found in DELTA.MAR, and searches MYLIB.MLB and the system library STARLET.MLB for macro definitions when macro calls are found in ALPHA.MAR.
Software development, photography, jokes, ....
Hosting Favorites |
| ANU Internet Services |
| Netim |
| GoDaddy |
| XEL Media |
Blogroll |
| Bomenstichting |
| Google Translate |
| PHP |
| MySQL |
| jQuery |
| jQuery UI |
| YourHead Stacks API |
| Favicon Generator. |
| Password Generator. |
| Check HTTPS problems |
Tweets by MrMacvos
Marc's Place
On this website, Google Analytics is used to track visitor statistics. These are anonymised data about the number of visitors, which pages they visit on this site, from which regions they visit, which web browsers they use, etc.. You will also see non-personalised ads via Google AdSense. Cookies from Paddle or Paypal are placed when you click on a 'Buy now!' or 'Donate!' button, and possible cookies from Disqus when you use that system to comment on one or more blogposts.
Privacy Statement